{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155278075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","title":"Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Educational and Income Mobility","display_name":"Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Educational and Income Mobility","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155278075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","mag":"2155278075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/sor002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Bloome","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Bloome","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031886656","display_name":"Bruce Western","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-6767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-6767"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Western","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0375,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98407145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":"2","first_page":"375","last_page":"395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-mobility","display_name":"educational mobility","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-mobility","display_name":"income mobility","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-mobility","display_name":"economic mobility","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-change","display_name":"cohort change","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-white-disparities","display_name":"black-white disparities","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-reform","display_name":"civil rights reform","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-education","display_name":"returns to education","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/midlife","display_name":"midlife","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.6432106494903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37129596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194417","display_name":"Social mobility","level":2,"score":0.5236482620239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4311659336090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.4074552059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3774360120296478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.32315272092819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24634012579917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.19752079248428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/sor002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/467186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/467186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30116688","https://openalex.org/W107405743","https://openalex.org/W139865884","https://openalex.org/W630417947","https://openalex.org/W644188121","https://openalex.org/W653482465","https://openalex.org/W1545014524","https://openalex.org/W1567871679","https://openalex.org/W1601136252","https://openalex.org/W1963984439","https://openalex.org/W1982557956","https://openalex.org/W1989233977","https://openalex.org/W1991818273","https://openalex.org/W1995759965","https://openalex.org/W1998250792","https://openalex.org/W1998806416","https://openalex.org/W2006407540","https://openalex.org/W2007544225","https://openalex.org/W2039714495","https://openalex.org/W2044107507","https://openalex.org/W2045607191","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2048593579","https://openalex.org/W2049884882","https://openalex.org/W2050482467","https://openalex.org/W2068096349","https://openalex.org/W2082535150","https://openalex.org/W2117685373","https://openalex.org/W2120023941","https://openalex.org/W2133796726","https://openalex.org/W2137761841","https://openalex.org/W2140960146","https://openalex.org/W2148814768","https://openalex.org/W2153019931","https://openalex.org/W2165222171","https://openalex.org/W2170737909","https://openalex.org/W2267293804","https://openalex.org/W2320409419","https://openalex.org/W2320977560","https://openalex.org/W2493157979","https://openalex.org/W2504700203","https://openalex.org/W3046529977","https://openalex.org/W3093752946","https://openalex.org/W3122315005","https://openalex.org/W3130383601","https://openalex.org/W3133926571","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099969438","https://openalex.org/W4381487940","https://openalex.org/W2285151281","https://openalex.org/W3123816425","https://openalex.org/W4408405889","https://openalex.org/W2614909777","https://openalex.org/W3122785904","https://openalex.org/W4232769139","https://openalex.org/W2558518895","https://openalex.org/W7099803036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Policy":[0],"reforms":[1,42],"and":[2,8,31,55,60,68,78,117],"rising":[3,38],"income":[4,19,26,61,96,120],"inequality":[5,20],"transformed":[6],"educational":[7,59,89,109],"economic":[9],"opportunities":[10,48],"for":[11,63,92,99],"Americans":[12],"approaching":[13],"midlife":[14],"in":[15,74,82],"the":[16,35,71,75,79,83],"1990s.":[17],"Rising":[18],"may":[21,43],"have":[22,44],"reduced":[23],"mobility,":[24,46],"as":[25,47],"gaps":[27],"increased":[28,45,91,113,118],"between":[29],"rich":[30],"poor":[32],"children.":[33],"Against":[34],"effects":[36],"of":[37,52,66,112,123],"inequality,":[39],"Civil":[40],"Rights":[41],"expanded":[49],"across":[50],"cohorts":[51,65],"black":[53,67,93],"students":[54],"workers.":[56],"We":[57,86],"compare":[58],"mobility":[62,90,97,103,110],"two":[64],"white":[69],"men,":[70,94],"older":[72],"born":[73,81],"late":[76],"1940s":[77],"younger":[80],"early":[84],"1960s.":[85],"find":[87],"that":[88],"but":[95],"declined":[98,104],"both":[100],"races.":[101],"Economic":[102],"despite":[105],"unchanged":[106],"or":[107],"improved":[108],"because":[111],"returns":[114],"to":[115],"schooling":[116],"intergenerational":[119],"correlations,":[121],"independent":[122],"schooling.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}