{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154645596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","title":"Pauci ex tanto numero: reduce redundancy in multi-model ensembles","display_name":"Pauci ex tanto numero: reduce redundancy in multi-model ensembles","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154645596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","mag":"2154645596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S162708223","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","issn_l":"1680-7316","issn":["1680-7316","1680-7324"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055984684","display_name":"Efisio Solazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118689","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02qezmz13","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689","https://openalex.org/I4210161702"]}],"countries":["BE","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Solazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072720343","display_name":"Angelo Riccio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-5565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-5565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183638586","display_name":"Parthenope University of Naples","ror":"https://ror.org/05pcv4v03","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183638586"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Riccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Science, University of Naples \"Parthenope\", Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-5565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Science, University of Naples \"Parthenope\", Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183638586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003332383","display_name":"Ioannis Kioutsioukis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-8442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-8442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118689","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02qezmz13","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689","https://openalex.org/I4210161702"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266511","display_name":"Region of Central Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/03g6x9y29","country_code":"GR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266511"]}],"countries":["BE","GR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Kioutsioukis","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy","Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-8442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031099935","display_name":"Stefano Galmarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-152X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-152X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118689","display_name":"Joint Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02qezmz13","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689","https://openalex.org/I4210161702"]}],"countries":["BE","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Galmarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-152X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4210118689"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1725},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1725},"fwci":3.7484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9131334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"8315","last_page":"8333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.3303000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.3303000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.296099990606308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.13369999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-model-ensemble","display_name":"multi-model ensemble","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/member-diversity","display_name":"member diversity","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-bias","display_name":"model bias","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-variance","display_name":"model variance","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/member-selection","display_name":"member selection","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-modeling","display_name":"air quality modeling","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aqmeii","display_name":"AQMEII","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollutant-concentrations","display_name":"air pollutant concentrations","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-estimation","display_name":"uncertainty estimation","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-independence","display_name":"model independence","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5835763216018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5645059943199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5309637784957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.4742775857448578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3810160160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3362222909927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2647671401500702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10698258876800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08205121755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S162708223","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","issn_l":"1680-7316","issn":["1680-7316","1680-7324"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/acpd-13-4989-2013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-4989-2013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-4989-2013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d9cc99075cd244148f060956b331dd19","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d9cc99075cd244148f060956b331dd19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 13, Iss 16, Pp 8315-8333 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu:111111111/55087","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC78182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401126","display_name":"Joint Research Centre (European Commission)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","host_organization_name":"European Commission","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles in periodicals and books"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.uniparthenope.it:11367/27527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11367/27527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196432","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (Parthenope University of Naples)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183638586","host_organization_name":"Parthenope University of Naples","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183638586"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8315-2013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S162708223","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics","issn_l":"1680-7316","issn":["1680-7316","1680-7324"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47820314","https://openalex.org/W81808495","https://openalex.org/W129711728","https://openalex.org/W1189756313","https://openalex.org/W1565512823","https://openalex.org/W1588204329","https://openalex.org/W1967263660","https://openalex.org/W1967761844","https://openalex.org/W1967779963","https://openalex.org/W1969795931","https://openalex.org/W1971993976","https://openalex.org/W1978474657","https://openalex.org/W1980254188","https://openalex.org/W1987107036","https://openalex.org/W1996478169","https://openalex.org/W1996516716","https://openalex.org/W2000432226","https://openalex.org/W2003658455","https://openalex.org/W2004053254","https://openalex.org/W2012691952","https://openalex.org/W2018760167","https://openalex.org/W2019010037","https://openalex.org/W2019097137","https://openalex.org/W2025151763","https://openalex.org/W2027820683","https://openalex.org/W2032053613","https://openalex.org/W2032682583","https://openalex.org/W2043399591","https://openalex.org/W2055202133","https://openalex.org/W2061119986","https://openalex.org/W2079599758","https://openalex.org/W2085007422","https://openalex.org/W2090449567","https://openalex.org/W2091321577","https://openalex.org/W2091680769","https://openalex.org/W2093756001","https://openalex.org/W2098004651","https://openalex.org/W2099242680","https://openalex.org/W2100956194","https://openalex.org/W2100982438","https://openalex.org/W2101542563","https://openalex.org/W2111171370","https://openalex.org/W2120490108","https://openalex.org/W2122999192","https://openalex.org/W2124951716","https://openalex.org/W2128718622","https://openalex.org/W2128738304","https://openalex.org/W2131987814","https://openalex.org/W2133097426","https://openalex.org/W2135732974","https://openalex.org/W2136213129","https://openalex.org/W2146061402","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2160095790","https://openalex.org/W2160172778","https://openalex.org/W2160800480","https://openalex.org/W2161493930","https://openalex.org/W2177291244","https://openalex.org/W3046579346","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3099839986","https://openalex.org/W3105003467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2503276859","https://openalex.org/W2102884730","https://openalex.org/W2505800081","https://openalex.org/W7096916570","https://openalex.org/W2100982438","https://openalex.org/W18915432","https://openalex.org/W2995799303","https://openalex.org/W129711728","https://openalex.org/W6889994142","https://openalex.org/W2098004651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"We":[1,137,156,201,229],"explicitly":[2],"address":[3],"the":[4,24,30,43,53,61,94,97,102,107,122,171,177,181,188,212,220,226,247,254,257,261],"fundamental":[5],"issue":[6],"of":[7,33,50,55,63,90,96,106,112,125,144,159,167,174,183,207,234,241,256,263],"member":[8,208],"diversity":[9],"in":[10,17,35,101,119,133],"multi-model":[11,57],"ensembles.":[12],"To":[13],"date,":[14],"no":[15],"attempts":[16],"this":[18,36,64,244],"direction":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"documented":[22],"within":[23],"air":[25,131],"quality":[26],"(AQ)":[27],"community":[28],"despite":[29],"extensive":[31],"use":[32,158],"ensembles":[34,194],"field.":[37],"Common":[38],"biases":[39,68,114],"and":[40,59,104,115,146,203,210,268],"redundancy":[41,116],"are":[42,60,117],"two":[44,110,134],"issues":[45,111],"directly":[46],"deriving":[47],"from":[48,84,195],"lack":[49],"independence,":[51],"undermining":[52],"significance":[54],"a":[56,79,88],"ensemble,":[58,98],"subject":[62],"study.":[65],"Shared,":[66],"dependant":[67],"among":[69,93],"models":[70,140,168],"do":[71],"not":[72,237],"cancel":[73],"out":[74],"but":[75],"will":[76],"instead":[77],"determine":[78],"biased":[80],"ensemble.":[81],"Redundancy":[82],"derives":[83],"having":[85],"too":[86],"large":[87,142],"portion":[89],"common":[91,113,154],"variance":[92,175],"members":[95,189,255],"producing":[99],"overconfidence":[100],"predictions":[103],"underestimation":[105],"uncertainty.":[108],"The":[109],"analysed":[118],"detail":[120],"using":[121],"AQMEII":[123],"ensemble":[124,179,213,222,258],"AQ":[126],"model":[127],"results":[128],"for":[129,190],"four":[130],"pollutants":[132],"European":[135],"regions.":[136],"show":[138,164],"that":[139,165,265],"share":[141],"portions":[143],"bias":[145],"variance,":[147],"extending":[148],"well":[149],"beyond":[150],"those":[151],"induced":[152],"by":[153,225],"inputs.":[155],"make":[157],"several":[160],"techniques":[161],"to":[162,271],"further":[163],"subsets":[166,197],"can":[169],"explain":[170],"same":[172],"amount":[173],"as":[176],"full":[178,221],"with":[180],"advantage":[182],"being":[184,249],"poorly":[185],"correlated.":[186],"Selecting":[187],"generating":[191],"skilful,":[192],"non-redundant":[193],"such":[196],"proved,":[198],"however,":[199],"non-trivial.":[200],"propose":[202],"discuss":[204],"various":[205],"methods":[206],"selection":[209],"rate":[211],"performance":[214],"they":[215],"produce.":[216],"In":[217],"most":[218],"cases,":[219],"is":[223],"outscored":[224],"reduced":[227],"ones.":[228],"conclude":[230],"that,":[231],"although":[232],"independence":[233,267],"outputs":[235],"may":[236],"always":[238],"guarantee":[239],"enhancement":[240],"scores":[242],"(but":[243],"depends":[245],"upon":[246],"skill":[248],"investigated),":[250],"we":[251],"discourage":[252],"selecting":[253],"simply":[259],"on":[260],"basis":[262],"scores;":[264],"is,":[266],"skills":[269],"need":[270],"be":[272],"considered":[273],"disjointly.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}