{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154567693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","title":"Safety signals as instrumental reinforcers during free-operant avoidance","display_name":"Safety signals as instrumental reinforcers during free-operant avoidance","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154567693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","mag":"2154567693","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25135197","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4138357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/lm.034603.114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","pdf_url":"http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/21/9/488.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73374563","display_name":"Learning & Memory","issn_l":"1072-0502","issn":["1072-0502","1549-5485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning &amp; Memory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/21/9/488.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011523469","display_name":"Anushka B. P. Fernando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9078-8660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9078-8660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anushka B.P. Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom abpfern@gmail.com","1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom abpfern@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035253910","display_name":"Gonzalo Pablo Urcelay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-0181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-0181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalo P. Urcelay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022062828","display_name":"Adam C. Mar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-2936","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-2936"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam C. Mar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016119164","display_name":"Anthony Dickinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-600X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-600X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Dickinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080762339","display_name":"Trevor William Robbins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-5977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-5977"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor W. Robbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011523469"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1580,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1704},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"488","last_page":"497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-signals","display_name":"safety signals","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avoidance-learning","display_name":"avoidance learning","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footshock","display_name":"footshock","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphine","display_name":"morphine","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amphetamine","display_name":"amphetamine","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction","display_name":"extinction","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habit-formation","display_name":"habit formation","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-inhibition","display_name":"fear inhibition","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rats","display_name":"rats","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7391115427017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.7205747365951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107524782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40164","display_name":"Lever","level":2,"score":0.6597432494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5057649612426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4953573942184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130619582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7619797","display_name":"Stop signal","level":3,"score":0.44119754433631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4038125276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3682206869125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.35921376943588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3457111716270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.259139746427536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12756428122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1191810667514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10399675369262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.07615599036216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000161","descriptor_name":"Acoustic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001362","descriptor_name":"Avoidance Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003216","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Operant","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003913","descriptor_name":"Dextroamphetamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004597","descriptor_name":"Electroshock","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005108","descriptor_name":"Extinction, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030141","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/lm.034603.114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","pdf_url":"http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/21/9/488.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73374563","display_name":"Learning & Memory","issn_l":"1072-0502","issn":["1072-0502","1549-5485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning &amp; Memory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4138357","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4138357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learn Mem","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:25135197","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25135197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:learnmem:21/9/488","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://learnmem.cshlp.org/cgi/content/short/21/9/488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/245486","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/lm.034603.114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.034603.114","pdf_url":"http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/21/9/488.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73374563","display_name":"Learning & Memory","issn_l":"1072-0502","issn":["1072-0502","1549-5485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning &amp; Memory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1540183337","display_name":"The neural and neurochemical basis of compulsivity in humans and other animals.","funder_award_id":"089589/Z/09/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5275213909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G00001354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G722994910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G00001354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320217","display_name":"Marie Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqv1x10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2154567693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2154567693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160989634","https://openalex.org/W1487015583","https://openalex.org/W1504779493","https://openalex.org/W1552874515","https://openalex.org/W1963634631","https://openalex.org/W1974339069","https://openalex.org/W1974934764","https://openalex.org/W1975352505","https://openalex.org/W1978290888","https://openalex.org/W1979386429","https://openalex.org/W1979940677","https://openalex.org/W1980300126","https://openalex.org/W1982311927","https://openalex.org/W1987381294","https://openalex.org/W1991174296","https://openalex.org/W1996119490","https://openalex.org/W2002865226","https://openalex.org/W2003928140","https://openalex.org/W2005898154","https://openalex.org/W2006424056","https://openalex.org/W2015756975","https://openalex.org/W2016426141","https://openalex.org/W2017395868","https://openalex.org/W2023156617","https://openalex.org/W2031739149","https://openalex.org/W2031760775","https://openalex.org/W2035283068","https://openalex.org/W2038105537","https://openalex.org/W2041264523","https://openalex.org/W2041265673","https://openalex.org/W2048538659","https://openalex.org/W2053400076","https://openalex.org/W2054475627","https://openalex.org/W2055404231","https://openalex.org/W2056097745","https://openalex.org/W2067809231","https://openalex.org/W2068550370","https://openalex.org/W2071679994","https://openalex.org/W2074870954","https://openalex.org/W2077961501","https://openalex.org/W2078510807","https://openalex.org/W2085044799","https://openalex.org/W2086685521","https://openalex.org/W2089808556","https://openalex.org/W2090905151","https://openalex.org/W2090936348","https://openalex.org/W2091161547","https://openalex.org/W2093820536","https://openalex.org/W2098766452","https://openalex.org/W2104430900","https://openalex.org/W2113365852","https://openalex.org/W2114520249","https://openalex.org/W2115998792","https://openalex.org/W2126902061","https://openalex.org/W2127959107","https://openalex.org/W2130690736","https://openalex.org/W2131506339","https://openalex.org/W2138453035","https://openalex.org/W2140830026","https://openalex.org/W2145773157","https://openalex.org/W2146600835","https://openalex.org/W2147639837","https://openalex.org/W2160359154","https://openalex.org/W2160668068","https://openalex.org/W2171445381","https://openalex.org/W2317279774","https://openalex.org/W2413229882","https://openalex.org/W2415325725","https://openalex.org/W2478609727","https://openalex.org/W2480115349","https://openalex.org/W2970264147","https://openalex.org/W4241715325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402439458","https://openalex.org/W786415807","https://openalex.org/W1929095576","https://openalex.org/W4415053816","https://openalex.org/W7111559731","https://openalex.org/W2011329748","https://openalex.org/W2160359154","https://openalex.org/W7111918030","https://openalex.org/W2091161547","https://openalex.org/W7159739675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Safety":[0],"signals":[1,17],"provide":[2],"\"relief\"":[3],"through":[4,246],"predicting":[5],"the":[6,43,68,72,94,109,115,121,130,138,171,191,211,214,219,224,227,240],"absence":[7,225],"of":[8,45,93,129,141,154,166,190,218,226],"an":[9,104,163],"aversive":[10],"event.":[11],"At":[12],"issue":[13],"is":[14],"whether":[15],"these":[16],"also":[18],"act":[19],"as":[20,75],"instrumental":[21],"reinforcers.":[22],"Four":[23],"experiments":[24],"were":[25,145],"conducted":[26],"using":[27,147],"a":[28,46,53,86,98,142,148,175,179,201,247],"free-operant":[29,243],"lever-press":[30],"avoidance":[31,83,101,167,222,244],"paradigm":[32],"in":[33,58,89,100,106,162,185,196,205,223],"which":[34,206],"each":[35],"press":[36],"avoided":[37],"shock":[38],"and":[39,103,125],"was":[40,80,194,229],"followed":[41,199],"by":[42,114,200],"presentation":[44],"5-sec":[47],"auditory":[48],"safety":[49,73,110,131,143,158,172,192],"signal.":[50,116,132],"When":[51],"given":[52],"choice":[54],"between":[55],"two":[56],"levers":[57],"Experiment":[59,90,186,197],"1,":[60],"both":[61],"avoiding":[62],"shock,":[63],"rats":[64],"preferentially":[65],"responded":[66],"on":[67],"lever":[69,88],"that":[70,136,239],"produced":[71],"signal":[74,95,144,159,173,193,212,228,236,241],"feedback,":[76],"even":[77],"when":[78],"footshock":[79],"omitted.":[81],"Following":[82],"training":[84],"with":[85,183],"single":[87],"2,":[91],"removal":[92],"led":[96],"to":[97,169,231,234],"decrease":[99],"responses":[102,107,168,207],"increase":[105],"during":[108,157,174],"period":[111],"normally":[112],"denoted":[113],"These":[117],"behavioral":[118],"changes":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"dual":[122],"conditioned":[123],"reinforcing":[124,139],"fear":[126],"inhibiting":[127],"properties":[128,140],"The":[133],"associative":[134],"processes":[135],"support":[137],"tested":[146],"novel":[149],"revaluation":[150,189],"procedure.":[151],"Prior":[152],"experience":[153],"systemic":[155],"morphine":[156],"presentations":[160],"resulted":[161],"increased":[164],"rate":[165],"produce":[170,210],"drug-free":[176,202],"extinction":[177,203],"test,":[178],"finding":[180],"not":[181,209],"seen":[182],"d-amphetamine":[184],"3.":[187],"Morphine":[188],"repeated":[195],"4":[198],"test":[204],"did":[208],"for":[213],"first":[215],"10":[216],"min":[217],"session.":[220],"Instrumental":[221],"shown":[230],"be":[232],"insensitive":[233],"prior":[235],"revaluation,":[237],"suggesting":[238],"reinforces":[242],"behavior":[245],"habit-like":[248],"mechanism.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
