{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154563451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","title":"Teachers Unions and Student Performance: Help or Hindrance?","display_name":"Teachers Unions and Student Performance: Help or Hindrance?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154563451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","mag":"2154563451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/foc.2007.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057432682","display_name":"Randall W. Eberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-5466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-5466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83925599","display_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00kqye711","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Randall W Eberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057432682"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.4828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99071956,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"175","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.6122999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.6122999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.35499998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-unions","display_name":"teachers' unions","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining","display_name":"collective bargaining","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-compensation","display_name":"teacher compensation","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-working-conditions","display_name":"teacher working conditions","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-accountability","display_name":"school accountability","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-for-performance","display_name":"performance-based pay","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standards-based-education","display_name":"standards-based education","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.4779999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4405263662338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36089104413986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.35771673917770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35252171754837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3495689630508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3252254128456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2926594614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26619571447372437}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007750","descriptor_name":"Labor Unions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013663","descriptor_name":"Teaching","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017008","descriptor_name":"Negotiating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/foc.2007.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2007.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17407928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of children","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/211150","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/211150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.upjohn.org:jrnlarticles-1027","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.upjohn.org/jrnlarticles/22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196402","display_name":"Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83925599","host_organization_name":"W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83925599"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal Articles","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27832848","https://openalex.org/W126803569","https://openalex.org/W135779082","https://openalex.org/W219659544","https://openalex.org/W320842801","https://openalex.org/W575707249","https://openalex.org/W585489771","https://openalex.org/W631526845","https://openalex.org/W1510154882","https://openalex.org/W1524890077","https://openalex.org/W1525356028","https://openalex.org/W1538511630","https://openalex.org/W1590361055","https://openalex.org/W1853924841","https://openalex.org/W1965318005","https://openalex.org/W1966147679","https://openalex.org/W1969357145","https://openalex.org/W1969651722","https://openalex.org/W1975992754","https://openalex.org/W1997224064","https://openalex.org/W2007765080","https://openalex.org/W2009359961","https://openalex.org/W2023677571","https://openalex.org/W2026840399","https://openalex.org/W2028841590","https://openalex.org/W2029829455","https://openalex.org/W2031126828","https://openalex.org/W2062387714","https://openalex.org/W2066906441","https://openalex.org/W2074482983","https://openalex.org/W2081969724","https://openalex.org/W2087298405","https://openalex.org/W2125313549","https://openalex.org/W2138279765","https://openalex.org/W2143429078","https://openalex.org/W2148641265","https://openalex.org/W2159506576","https://openalex.org/W2167044262","https://openalex.org/W2286536146","https://openalex.org/W2318224317","https://openalex.org/W2494387962","https://openalex.org/W3021700599","https://openalex.org/W3121388701","https://openalex.org/W3124648852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100836377","https://openalex.org/W2188504169","https://openalex.org/W575707249","https://openalex.org/W2801237592","https://openalex.org/W2148641265","https://openalex.org/W7024935616","https://openalex.org/W199491916","https://openalex.org/W631526845","https://openalex.org/W1837901229","https://openalex.org/W7097167469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Randall":[0],"Eberts":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,20,32,48,69,112,122,175,193,219,264,284,291,294,298],"role":[4],"of":[5,22,34,47,71,77,82,90,134,192,221,293],"teachers":[6,150,251],"unions":[7,26,83,127,210],"in":[8,96,115,148,165,174],"public":[9,73],"education.":[10],"He":[11,226],"focuses":[12],"particularly":[13],"on":[14,84,101,223,253],"how":[15,25,39],"collective":[16],"bargaining":[17,54,141],"agreements":[18],"shape":[19],"delivery":[21],"educational":[23,42],"services,":[24],"affect":[27],"both":[28],"student":[29,85],"achievement":[30,116],"and":[31,38,62,106,151,156,177,201,243,266,287,297],"cost":[33,70],"providing":[35,72],"quality":[36],"education,":[37],"they":[40,255],"support":[41],"reform":[43,166,194,216],"efforts.":[44],"Eberts's":[45,205],"synthesis":[46],"empirical":[49],"research":[50],"concludes":[51],"that":[52,209,228,249,269,271,301],"union":[53,97,181],"raises":[55],"teachers'":[56],"compensation,":[57],"improves":[58],"their":[59,64,170,224,261],"working":[60],"conditions,":[61],"enhances":[63],"employment":[65],"security-while":[66],"also":[67],"raising":[68],"education":[74],"by":[75],"upwards":[76],"15":[78],"percent.":[79],"The":[80],"effect":[81],"performance":[86],"is":[87,218],"mixed.":[88],"Students":[89],"average":[91],"ability":[92],"who":[93],"attend":[94],"school":[95,135,288],"districts":[98],"perform":[99,109],"better":[100],"standardized":[102],"tests,":[103],"whereas":[104],"low-achieving":[105],"high-achieving":[107],"students":[108,257,272],"worse.":[110],"However,":[111],"overall":[113],"gain":[114],"does":[117,167],"not":[118,168],"make":[119],"up":[120],"for":[121],"higher":[123],"cost.":[124],"Of":[125],"late,":[126],"have":[128,189,211,231],"begun":[129],"to":[130,143,163,172,214,258,263,275],"be":[131],"more":[132,145],"supportive":[133],"reform,":[136,186],"moving":[137],"from":[138,240],"an":[139],"adversarial":[140],"model":[142],"a":[144],"collaborative":[146],"one":[147,207],"which":[149],"administrators":[152,289],"share":[153],"common":[154],"goals":[155],"hold":[157],"joint":[158],"responsibility.":[159],"Yet":[160],"unions'":[161],"desire":[162],"participate":[164],"match":[169],"fervor":[171],"organize":[173],"1960s":[176],"1970s.":[178],"While":[179],"national":[180],"leadership":[182],"has":[183],"talked":[184],"about":[185],"local":[187],"affiliates":[188],"initiated":[190],"most":[191],"efforts,":[195],"pioneering":[196],"reforms":[197,230],"such":[198],"as":[199,281,283],"accountability":[200],"incentive":[202],"pay.":[203],"In":[204,245],"view,":[206],"reason":[208],"been":[212,232],"slow":[213],"embrace":[215],"efforts":[217],"lack":[220],"consensus":[222],"effectiveness.":[225],"argues":[227],"many":[229],"too":[233],"narrowly":[234],"focused;":[235],"rather,":[236],"effective":[237],"schools":[238],"result":[239],"well-designed":[241],"systems":[242],"processes.":[244],"principle,":[246],"adopting":[247],"standards":[248],"help":[250],"focus":[252],"lessons":[254,277],"want":[256],"learn,":[259],"aligning":[260],"teaching":[262,280],"lessons,":[265],"devising":[267],"measurements":[268],"demonstrate":[270],"are":[273],"responding":[274],"these":[276],"can":[278],"improve":[279],"long":[282],"public,":[285],"policymakers,":[286],"acknowledge":[290],"complexity":[292],"learning":[295],"process":[296],"broad":[299],"outcomes":[300],"society":[302],"desires.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}