{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154414741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","title":"Stumping e-rater:challenging the validity of automated essay scoring","display_name":"Stumping e-rater:challenging the validity of automated essay scoring","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154414741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","mag":"2154414741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204030396","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","issn_l":"0747-5632","issn":["0747-5632","1873-7692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110143742","display_name":"Donald E. Powers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald E. Powers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030991878","display_name":"Jill C. Burstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-7574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-7574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jill C. Burstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041834124","display_name":"Martin S. Chodorow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-2598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-2598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Chodorow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042657212","display_name":"Mary E. Fowles","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary E. Fowles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056855678","display_name":"Karen Kukich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Kukich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110143742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"apc_list":{"value":3780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":154,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96959018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"103","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.10019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-essay-scoring","display_name":"automated essay scoring","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-rater","display_name":"e-rater","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoring-validity","display_name":"scoring validity","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-stakes-testing","display_name":"high-stakes testing","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.8489999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777898490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157236","display_name":"Writing assessment","level":2,"score":0.5684663653373718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984538763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260590","display_name":"Scoring system","level":2,"score":0.5347081422805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.520668625831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61863361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Inter-rater reliability","level":3,"score":0.49333301186561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48218289017677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34827297925949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34562212228775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3436587452888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2408432960510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.15590626001358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.14312055706977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08936002850532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00052-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204030396","display_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","issn_l":"0747-5632","issn":["0747-5632","1873-7692"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Human Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.8.5368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.8.5368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ets.org/research/dload/powers_0103.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591341984","https://openalex.org/W635342566","https://openalex.org/W1590881479","https://openalex.org/W1964100346","https://openalex.org/W2015795558","https://openalex.org/W2017939048","https://openalex.org/W2028829385","https://openalex.org/W2029961360","https://openalex.org/W2046556834","https://openalex.org/W2071245800","https://openalex.org/W2074796493","https://openalex.org/W2084403116","https://openalex.org/W2094401778","https://openalex.org/W2105204564","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2599291965","https://openalex.org/W2905010601","https://openalex.org/W3034730645","https://openalex.org/W4213193087","https://openalex.org/W4254572470","https://openalex.org/W6808564937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099470237","https://openalex.org/W7017413971","https://openalex.org/W1980846093","https://openalex.org/W3163354334","https://openalex.org/W7128982879","https://openalex.org/W2105845572","https://openalex.org/W1974389994","https://openalex.org/W2018703885","https://openalex.org/W2361950075","https://openalex.org/W2088070094"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}