{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154307602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","title":"The invisible hand: how British American Tobacco precluded competition in Uzbekistan","display_name":"The invisible hand: how British American Tobacco precluded competition in Uzbekistan","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154307602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","mag":"2154307602","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652239","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2598531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.2006.017129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2598531","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080275399","display_name":"Anna Gilmore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-1248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-1248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anna B Gilmore","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. anna.gilmore@lshtm.ac.uk","European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. anna.gilmore@lshtm.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027320968","display_name":"Martin McKee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-9683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-9683","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-386X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin McKee","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020228005","display_name":"Jeff Collin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0874-8892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0874-8892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Collin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for International Public Health Policy, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Medical Buildings, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for International Public Health Policy, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Medical Buildings, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080275399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90362284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"239","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12816","display_name":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12816","display_name":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13186","display_name":"Russia and Soviet political economy","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-american-tobacco","display_name":"British American Tobacco","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporations","display_name":"multinational corporations","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privatization","display_name":"privatization","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uzbekistan","display_name":"Uzbekistan","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticompetitive-conduct","display_name":"anticompetitive practices","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monopoly","display_name":"monopoly","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-industry","display_name":"tobacco industry","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-smuggling","display_name":"tobacco smuggling","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-control-legislation","display_name":"tobacco control legislation","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-farmers","display_name":"tobacco farmers","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights-violations","display_name":"human rights violations","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusive-dealing","display_name":"exclusive dealing","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-bidding","display_name":"tendering","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/former-soviet-union","display_name":"former Soviet Union","score":0.7639999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778302417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159579","display_name":"Excise","level":2,"score":0.7336249947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6666152477264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907703","display_name":"Tobacco industry","level":2,"score":0.5824356079101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.5768383145332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.572822630405426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.5666522979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.5323023796081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5202944874763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5036382079124451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.46317794919013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779242095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200561","display_name":"Predatory pricing","level":3,"score":0.42775991559028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.35803166031837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3376169204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33517616987228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.32997846603393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.26020199060440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23081374168395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.16697075963020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004465","descriptor_name":"Economic Competition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011332","descriptor_name":"Privatization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014610","descriptor_name":"Uzbekistan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019460","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/tc.2006.017129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149729710","display_name":"Tobacco Control","issn_l":"0964-4563","issn":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2598531","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2598531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tob Control","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:17652239","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tobacco control","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:9360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/9360/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2598531","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2598531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tob Control","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5789938585","display_name":"Tobacco Companies, Public Policy and Global Health","funder_award_id":"R01CA091021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28193645","https://openalex.org/W158907627","https://openalex.org/W560038833","https://openalex.org/W602929183","https://openalex.org/W607242510","https://openalex.org/W641986942","https://openalex.org/W1492320932","https://openalex.org/W1526056524","https://openalex.org/W1566618596","https://openalex.org/W1585271500","https://openalex.org/W1585745335","https://openalex.org/W1604817267","https://openalex.org/W1605916864","https://openalex.org/W1911114796","https://openalex.org/W1967597433","https://openalex.org/W1993375906","https://openalex.org/W2011963572","https://openalex.org/W2032899120","https://openalex.org/W2034660032","https://openalex.org/W2044130282","https://openalex.org/W2065251250","https://openalex.org/W2083782207","https://openalex.org/W2084351428","https://openalex.org/W2111534194","https://openalex.org/W2120946491","https://openalex.org/W2146158520","https://openalex.org/W2154812313","https://openalex.org/W2159334794","https://openalex.org/W2162884980","https://openalex.org/W2232672360","https://openalex.org/W2763382235","https://openalex.org/W2894601432","https://openalex.org/W3122684442","https://openalex.org/W3124907739","https://openalex.org/W3142430175","https://openalex.org/W4246643423","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084351428","https://openalex.org/W2044130282","https://openalex.org/W7097156583","https://openalex.org/W2154812313","https://openalex.org/W2162884980","https://openalex.org/W2730425830","https://openalex.org/W2111978541","https://openalex.org/W2022827468","https://openalex.org/W2101190707","https://openalex.org/W2389444249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Tobacco":[1],"industry":[2],"documents":[3,91],"provide":[4],"a":[5,113,138,142,162,203,218,228],"unique":[6],"opportunity":[7],"to":[8,71,125,128,155,184,194,260,275],"explore":[9],"the":[10,18,24,84,102,119,150,159,180,213,261,266,285],"role":[11],"transnational":[12],"corporations":[13],"(TNCs)":[14],"played":[15],"in":[16,23,38,141,179,265],"shaping":[17],"poor":[19],"outcomes":[20],"of":[21,43,48,57,89,121,161,206,231,236,263,284],"privatisation":[22,85,264],"former":[25],"Soviet":[26],"Union":[27],"(FSU).":[28],"This":[29,64,254],"paper":[30,65],"examines":[31],"British":[32],"American":[33],"Tobacco's":[34],"(BAT's)":[35],"business":[36,244],"conduct":[37,75,278],"Uzbekistan":[39,103],"where":[40],"large-scale":[41],"smuggling":[42],"BAT's":[44,46,69,74,224,242],"cigarettes,":[45],"reversal":[47],"tobacco":[49,58],"control":[50],"legislation":[51],"and":[52,79,136,190,208,220,239,241,248,271],"its":[53,81],"human":[54],"rights":[55],"abuses":[56],"farmers":[59],"have":[60,258],"been":[61],"documented":[62],"previously.":[63],"focuses,":[66],"instead,":[67],"on":[68,83,158,217,246],"attitude":[70],"competition,":[72],"compares":[73],"with":[76,108,282],"international":[77],"standards":[78,245],"assesses":[80],"influence":[82],"process.":[86],"METHODS:":[87],"Analysis":[88],"BAT":[90,96,123,200],"released":[92],"through":[93],"litigation.":[94],"RESULTS:":[95],"secured":[97,147,202],"sole":[98],"negotiator":[99],"status":[100],"precluding":[101],"government":[104],"from":[105,149,169,252],"initiating":[106],"discussions":[107],"other":[109],"parties.":[110],"Recognising":[111],"that":[112,165,210,256],"competitive":[114],"tender":[115],"would":[116,167,279],"greatly":[117],"increase":[118],"cost":[120],"investment,":[122],"went":[124],"great":[126],"lengths":[127],"avoid":[129],"one,":[130],"ultimately":[131],"securing":[132],"President":[133],"Karimov's":[134],"support":[135],"negotiating":[137],"monopoly":[139],"position":[140],"closed":[143],"deal.":[144],"It":[145],"simultaneously":[146],"exclusion":[148],"monopolies":[151],"committee,":[152],"ensuring":[153],"freedom":[154],"set":[156],"prices,":[157],"basis":[160],"spurious":[163],"argument":[164],"competition":[166,247],"exist":[168],"imports.":[170],"Other":[171],"anticompetitive":[172,232],"moves":[173],"comprised":[174],"including":[175],"all":[176],"three":[177],"plants":[178],"deal":[181,281],"despite":[182],"intending":[183],"close":[185],"down":[186],"two,":[187],"exclusive":[188],"dealing":[189],"implementing":[191],"measures":[192],"designed":[193],"prevent":[195],"market":[196],"entry":[197],"by":[198],"competitors.":[199],"also":[201],"large":[204],"number":[205,230],"exemptions":[207],"privileges":[209],"further":[211],"reduced":[212],"government's":[214],"revenue":[215,250],"both":[216],"one-off":[219],"ongoing":[221],"basis.":[222],"CONCLUSIONS:":[223],"corporate":[225,277],"misbehaviour":[226],"included":[227],"wide":[229],"practices,":[233],"contravened":[234],"Organisation":[235],"Economic":[237],"Cooperation":[238],"Development's":[240],"own":[243],"restricted":[249],"arising":[251],"privatisation.":[253],"suggests":[255],"TNCs":[257],"contributed":[259],"failure":[262],"FSU.":[267],"Conducting":[268],"open":[269],"tenders":[270],"using":[272],"enforceable":[273],"codes":[274],"regulate":[276],"help":[280],"some":[283],"problems":[286],"identified.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
