{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154091560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","title":"Status of C3MJ+ and C4MJ Production Concentrator Solar Cells at Spectrolab","display_name":"Status of C3MJ+ and C4MJ Production Concentrator Solar Cells at Spectrolab","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154091560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","mag":"2154091560"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137728576","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","issn_l":"2156-3381","issn":["2156-3381","2156-3403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110319918","display_name":"James H. Ermer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. H. Ermer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083973590","display_name":"Russell K. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-767X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-767X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. K. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111824403","display_name":"Peter H\u00e9bert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Hebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040990540","display_name":"Peichen Pien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Pien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050190846","display_name":"Richard R. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9778-1581","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9778-1581"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. R. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004594557","display_name":"Dhananjay M. Bhusari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Bhusari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108411599","display_name":"R. Brandt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Brandt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045526785","display_name":"O. Al-Taher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Al-Taher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110214202","display_name":"C. M. Fetzer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Fetzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077224682","display_name":"Geoffrey S. Kinsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-6439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-6439"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. S. Kinsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMONIX, Inc., Seal Beach, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMONIX, Inc., Seal Beach, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007488830","display_name":"N.H. Karam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295339012","display_name":"Boeing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Karam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing-Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95581107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"209","last_page":"213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10590","display_name":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-junction-solar-cells","display_name":"multijunction solar cells","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentrated-photovoltaics","display_name":"concentrated photovoltaics","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iii-v-semiconductors","display_name":"III-V semiconductors","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-volume-manufacturing","display_name":"high-volume manufacturing","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerated-reliability-testing","display_name":"accelerated reliability testing","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversion-efficiency","display_name":"conversion efficiency","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15469602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783614","display_name":"Concentrator","level":2,"score":0.6378370523452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6360710263252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780824857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803","display_name":"Solar cell","level":2,"score":0.5653486251831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5247141122817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150493377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427863","display_name":"Transmittance","level":2,"score":0.4706997871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4475027322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39742764830589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3783639669418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.34598973393440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33459562063217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23512810468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1904430091381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15296697616577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15269756317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11750039458274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137728576","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","issn_l":"2156-3381","issn":["2156-3381","2156-3403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949619639","https://openalex.org/W1989576928","https://openalex.org/W2026071941","https://openalex.org/W2082095443","https://openalex.org/W2086979811","https://openalex.org/W2116931356","https://openalex.org/W2137593390","https://openalex.org/W2138629890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009154704","https://openalex.org/W2008445551","https://openalex.org/W2084071688","https://openalex.org/W1995729879","https://openalex.org/W2054101681","https://openalex.org/W2056236239","https://openalex.org/W2152912155","https://openalex.org/W2036612914","https://openalex.org/W1934698883","https://openalex.org/W2206782020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multijunction":[0],"solar":[1,16,95,167],"cells":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4],"III-V":[5],"semiconductors,":[6],"having":[7],"recently":[8],"demonstrated":[9],"43.5%,":[10],"remain":[11],"the":[12,19,49,83,88,153,163],"world's":[13],"most":[14],"efficient":[15],"cells,":[17],"and":[18,24,68,82,112,118,124,162],"preferred":[20],"technology":[21,141],"in":[22,48,72,90,135],"point-focus":[23],"dense-array":[25],"concentrator":[26],"photovoltaic":[27],"(CPV)":[28],"system":[29,62,161],"architectures.":[30],"The":[31,79,138],"year":[32,39],"2011":[33],"proved":[34],"to":[35,51,64,145],"be":[36],"a":[37,66,91,158,170],"pivotal":[38],"for":[40],"CPV":[41,61,94,160],"technology,":[42,71],"with":[43,60,75,98],"multiple":[44],"power":[45],"plant":[46],"installations":[47],"megawatt":[50,54],"tens":[52],"of":[53,93,157],"scale.":[55],"Spectrolab":[56],"is":[57],"working":[58],"closely":[59],"manufacturers":[63],"provide":[65],"reliable":[67],"well-characterized":[69],"cell":[70,85,96,147],"volumes":[73],"commensurate":[74],"this":[76],"increasing":[77],"demand.":[78],"evolutionary":[80],"C3MJ+":[81],"C4MJ":[84,140],"technologies":[86,107],"are":[87],"latest":[89],"sequence":[92],"designs,":[97,148],"conversion":[99],"efficiencies":[100],"approaching":[101],"or":[102],"greater":[103],"than":[104],"40%.":[105],"Both":[106],"have":[108,125],"completed":[109],"detailed":[110],"characterization":[111],"qualification":[113],"programs,":[114],"including":[115],"accelerated":[116],"laboratory":[117],"(for":[119],"C4MJ)":[120],"on-sun":[121],"reliability":[122],"testing,":[123],"entered":[126],"into":[127,150],"high":[128],"volume":[129],"production":[130],"at":[131],"Spectrolab's":[132],"manufacturing":[133],"facility":[134],"Sylmar,":[136],"CA.":[137],"metamorphic":[139],"affords":[142],"new":[143],"opportunities":[144],"optimize":[146],"taking":[149],"consideration":[151],"both":[152],"spectral":[154],"optical":[155],"transmittance":[156],"particular":[159],"installation":[164],"site's":[165],"average":[166],"resource":[168],"over":[169],"typical":[171],"meteorological":[172],"year.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
