{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153590782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","title":"Simulating Individual and Collective Action in Temporary Gatherings","display_name":"Simulating Individual and Collective Action in Temporary Gatherings","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153590782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","mag":"2153590782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/089443939201000101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127118166","display_name":"Social Science Computer Review","issn_l":"0894-4393","issn":["0894-4393","1552-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Science Computer Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084152512","display_name":"Clark McPhail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clark McPhail","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028711748","display_name":"William T. Powers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William T. Powers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111686573","display_name":"Charles W. Tucker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles W. Tucker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":42.1192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99864499,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-action","display_name":"collective action","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-action","display_name":"individual action","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"crowds","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation-program","display_name":"simulation program","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"collision avoidance","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-following","display_name":"path following","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-behavior","display_name":"human behavior","score":0.32600000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.942125141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7324318885803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6819466352462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777932401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471594","display_name":"Collective action","level":3,"score":0.64890056848526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5846046805381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5249164700508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47619450092315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.4677329957485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4442400634288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41202154755592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3526860773563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26104217767715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2385314702987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13972169160842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13750386238098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09825950860977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09365081787109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08543694019317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/089443939201000101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127118166","display_name":"Social Science Computer Review","issn_l":"0894-4393","issn":["0894-4393","1552-8286"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Science Computer Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W602403031","https://openalex.org/W1807181499","https://openalex.org/W1992155185","https://openalex.org/W2019443688","https://openalex.org/W2023149227","https://openalex.org/W2040819715","https://openalex.org/W2077106910","https://openalex.org/W2125744774","https://openalex.org/W2155536191","https://openalex.org/W2322923973","https://openalex.org/W2325485908","https://openalex.org/W2326014592","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W3193286153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026089313","https://openalex.org/W2789532300","https://openalex.org/W2528403913","https://openalex.org/W2551735105","https://openalex.org/W7096744098","https://openalex.org/W2217070951","https://openalex.org/W2923926455","https://openalex.org/W2023432417","https://openalex.org/W1952821301","https://openalex.org/W7115934046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perception":[0,10],"control":[1,11,22,107,177],"systems":[2,7,108,178],"and":[3,86,91,114,151,164],"hierarchies":[4],"of":[5,78,89,106,118,123,139,142,145,149],"such":[6],"are":[8,134,167],"described.":[9],"system":[12],"theory":[13],"asserts":[14],"that":[15,34,99],"human":[16,79],"beings":[17],"adjust":[18,27],"their":[19,23,28,36,40],"actions":[20,29],"to":[21,30,102,125],"perceptions.":[24],"Purposive":[25],"individuals":[26,51,127],"counter":[31],"variable":[32],"circumstances":[33],"prevent":[35],"perceptions":[37],"from":[38,67],"matching":[39],"objectives.":[41],"Collective":[42],"action":[43,153],"can":[44],"occur":[45],"when":[46,57,63],"two":[47],"or":[48,56,62],"more":[49],"purposive":[50],"generate":[52],"similar":[53],"objectives":[54],"independently,":[55],"they":[58,64],"do":[59],"so":[60],"interdependently,":[61],"adopt":[65],"them":[66],"a":[68,110,129],"third":[69],"party.":[70],"This":[71],"explanation":[72],"addresses":[73],"the":[74,116,143],"most":[75],"characteristic":[76],"feature":[77],"behavior":[80],"in":[81,156],"temporary":[82,160],"gatherings":[83],"(crowds):":[84],"alternating":[85],"vaned":[87],"sequences":[88,148],"individual":[90,150,182],"collective":[92,152,184],"action.":[93],"A":[94],"simulation":[95],"program":[96,132,172],"is":[97],"described":[98],"varies":[100],"up":[101],"three":[103],"separate":[104],"sets":[105],"(seeking":[109],"destination,":[111],"avoiding":[112],"collisions,":[113],"seeking":[115],"path":[117],"other":[119],"individuals)":[120],"for":[121],"each":[122],"1":[124],"255":[126],"constituting":[128],"gathering.":[130],"The":[131],"features":[133],"illustrated":[135],"with":[136],"successive":[137],"panels":[138],"screen":[140],"prints":[141],"development":[144],"nine":[146],"different":[147],"observed":[154],"repeatedly":[155],"field":[157],"research":[158],"on":[159],"gathenngs.":[161],"Theoretical,":[162],"research,":[163],"practical":[165],"implications":[166],"noted.":[168],"An":[169],"appendix":[170],"descnbes":[171],"parameters.":[173],"Keywords:":[174],"perception,":[175],"cybernetic,":[176],"theory,":[179],"crowds,":[180],"gatherings,":[181],"action,":[183,185],"simulation.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}