{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153289227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","title":"Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War","display_name":"Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153289227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","mag":"2153289227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179234039","display_name":"History Reviews of New Books","issn_l":"0361-2759","issn":["0361-2759","1930-8280"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History: Reviews of New Books","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020792434","display_name":"Susan Eyrich Lederer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Lederer","raw_affiliation_strings":["USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113631109","display_name":"Audrey B. Davis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Audrey B. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":241,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93591541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.38280001282691956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.38280001282691956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12575","display_name":"Medical History and Research","score":0.21529999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.18490000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-experimentation","display_name":"human experimentation","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-ethics","display_name":"medical ethics","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informed-consent","display_name":"informed consent","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-experimentation","display_name":"self-experimentation","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-research-ethics","display_name":"biomedical research ethics","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-autonomy","display_name":"patient autonomy","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68122502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764527","display_name":"Informed consent","level":3,"score":0.5526785850524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331083","display_name":"Human research","level":2,"score":0.540131151676178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106977388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752427","display_name":"Medical research","level":2,"score":0.5030476450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4884151816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126086293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237151","display_name":"Medical ethics","level":2,"score":0.4333671033382416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.39699721336364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3838469982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.3762528896331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36157697439193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3495156168937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34625867009162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3343546688556671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.3293045163154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11638781428337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9949143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179234039","display_name":"History Reviews of New Books","issn_l":"0361-2759","issn":["0361-2759","1930-8280"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History: Reviews of New Books","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/749087","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/749087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BRL:KIE/49187","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/879435","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3ASUBJECTED+TO+SCIENCE%3A+HUMAN+EXPERIMENTATION+IN+AMERICA+BEFORE+THE+SECOND+WORLD+WAR&qt=advanced","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:148624","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2224814670","https://openalex.org/W1968001994","https://openalex.org/W2909374213","https://openalex.org/W2069169258","https://openalex.org/W7015730418","https://openalex.org/W2097907738","https://openalex.org/W2486262785","https://openalex.org/W3119400792","https://openalex.org/W2080933914","https://openalex.org/W3208050616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long":[0],"before":[1,14],"the":[2,15,27,31,50,73,83,117,129,135,140,149,156,181],"US":[3],"government":[4],"began":[5],"conducting":[6],"secret":[7],"radiation":[8],"and":[9,12,24,53,89,100,107,111,134],"germ-warfare":[10],"experiments,":[11,18],"long":[13],"Tuskeegee":[16],"syphilis":[17],"medical":[19,37,152,186],"professionals":[20],"had":[21],"introduced":[22],"-":[23,30,98,102],"hotly":[25],"debated":[26],"ethics":[28,154],"of":[29,33,61,96,122,131,142,151,183],"use":[32,141,182],"human":[34,65,77,143,194],"subjects":[35,66,144],"in":[36,75,145,155,166,185,193],"experiments.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40,161],"book":[41,162,169],"Susan":[42],"Lederer":[43,71],"draws":[44],"on":[45,104],"published":[46],"reports,":[47],"unpublished":[48],"correspondence,":[49],"popular":[51],"press,":[52],"antivivisection":[54],"materials":[55],"to":[56,69,188],"provide":[57],"a":[58,120],"full-length":[59],"history":[60],"biomedical":[62,146],"research":[63,153,187],"with":[64],"from":[67,178],"1890":[68],"1940.":[70],"examines":[72],"situations":[74],"which":[76],"experimentation":[78],"occurred":[79],"as":[80,82,125],"well":[81],"social":[84],"arrangements":[85],"made":[86],"between":[87],"experimenters":[88],"their":[90],"subjects.":[91],"She":[92],"offers":[93],"detailed":[94],"accounts":[95,114],"experiments":[97],"benign":[99],"otherwise":[101],"conducted":[103],"both":[105],"healthy":[106],"unhealthy":[108],"men,":[109],"women,":[110],"children.":[112],"These":[113],"then":[115],"form":[116],"background":[118,173],"for":[119,174],"discussion":[121],"such":[123],"issues":[124,165],"patient":[126],"consent,":[127],"self-experimentation,":[128],"authority":[130],"orthodox":[132],"medicine,":[133],"ethical":[136],"problems":[137],"raised":[138],"by":[139],"research.":[147,195],"Examining":[148],"development":[150],"pre-World":[157],"War":[158],"II":[159],"period,":[160],"puts":[163],"contemporary":[164],"perspective.":[167],"The":[168],"provides":[170],"valuable":[171],"historical":[172],"understanding":[175],"current":[176],"controversies,":[177],"debates":[179],"about":[180,190],"animals":[184],"concerns":[189],"informed":[191],"consent":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
