{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153285036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","title":"Performance Analysis of a Robust Proportional\u2014Integral\u2014Derivative Control Technique for the Auto-Focusing Mechanism of an Optical Surface Profile Measurement System","display_name":"Performance Analysis of a Robust Proportional\u2014Integral\u2014Derivative Control Technique for the Auto-Focusing Mechanism of an Optical Surface Profile Measurement System","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153285036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","mag":"2153285036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1243/09596518jsce966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072720653","display_name":"Nashtara Islam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110134596","display_name":"Rob M. Parkin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R M Parkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M R Jackson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M R Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020296686","display_name":"S. Elmas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Elmas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022135300","display_name":"Zbigniew K\u0119sy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-7925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-7925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z Kesy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K-C Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K-C Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18545909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"224","issue":"6","first_page":"635","last_page":"646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13644","display_name":"Control Systems in Engineering","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-pid-control","display_name":"robust PID control","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ziegler-nichols-tuning","display_name":"Ziegler-Nichols tuning","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop-response","display_name":"closed-loop response","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disturbance-rejection","display_name":"disturbance rejection","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settling-time","display_name":"settling time","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overshoot","display_name":"overshoot","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-bandwidth","display_name":"system bandwidth","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator-control","display_name":"actuator control","score":0.8199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.9241224527359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113957","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","level":2,"score":0.7937811613082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7293592095375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14781684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983320","display_name":"Settling time","level":3,"score":0.7287412881851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5544574856758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.5049775242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.49230682849884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4876214563846588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47586369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377672","display_name":"Rise time","level":3,"score":0.48480501770973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46988749504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160030872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142864","display_name":"Step response","level":2,"score":0.4677341878414154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.45137423276901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44572392106056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32982710003852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2747310400009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.14317914843559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09963265061378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.06864121556282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06391075253486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1243/09596518jsce966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1243/09596518jsce966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320341","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971542469","https://openalex.org/W1984786496","https://openalex.org/W1994712899","https://openalex.org/W1994899017","https://openalex.org/W2032546725","https://openalex.org/W2053248203","https://openalex.org/W2055977718","https://openalex.org/W2058014931","https://openalex.org/W2066260126","https://openalex.org/W2071791529","https://openalex.org/W2089879229","https://openalex.org/W2113960090","https://openalex.org/W2138864265","https://openalex.org/W2336230397","https://openalex.org/W2504171091","https://openalex.org/W4300527793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292403630","https://openalex.org/W4255494858","https://openalex.org/W2152650280","https://openalex.org/W7096600966","https://openalex.org/W4416996367","https://openalex.org/W2084444971","https://openalex.org/W923629093","https://openalex.org/W2050809649","https://openalex.org/W3209100790","https://openalex.org/W2067149734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"control":[1,16,22,39,61,69],"system":[2,143,195],"is":[3,113],"regarded":[4],"as":[5,149],"the":[6,33,46,54,86,97,106,122,128,132,135,156,166,170,173,179,198],"vital":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,38,56,88,105,121,131,134,138,172,184,197],"a":[10,102,110,139,145,152],"process":[11,25],"loop.":[12],"For":[13],"centuries,":[14],"various":[15],"techniques":[17],"have":[18,99],"been":[19],"employed":[20],"to":[21,31,85,151,177],"actuators":[23],"or":[24,50],"parameters":[26],"in":[27,45,68,79,96,117],"an":[28],"effective":[29,116],"manner":[30],"obtain":[32],"desired":[34,181],"response.":[35],"The":[36],"field":[37],"engineering":[40],"has":[41],"seen":[42],"phenomenal":[43],"changes":[44],"past":[47],"two":[48],"decades":[49],"so,":[51],"epitomized":[52],"by":[53],"rise":[55],"ever-more":[57],"sophisticated":[58],"modern":[59],"intelligent":[60],"techniques.":[62],"However,":[63],"despite":[64],"such":[65,92],"massive":[66],"improvements":[67],"techniques,":[70],"century-old":[71],"proportional\u2014integral\u2014derivative":[72],"(PID)":[73],"controllers":[74],"are":[75],"still":[76],"widely":[77],"used":[78],"industry":[80],"and":[81,90,193],"research":[82],"alike":[83],"owing":[84],"simplicity":[87],"fabricating":[89],"tuning":[91],"devices.":[93],"Many":[94],"studies":[95],"literature":[98],"shown":[100],"that":[101,169],"particular":[103],"variant":[104],"PID":[107,147],"controller,":[108],"namely":[109],"robust":[111,146],"PID,":[112],"even":[114],"more":[115],"achieving":[118],"better":[119],"performance":[120,129],"closed-loop":[123,182],"system.":[124],"This":[125],"paper":[126],"investigates":[127],"enhancement":[130],"response":[133,183],"auto-focusing":[136],"mechanism":[137],"surface":[140],"profile":[141],"measurement":[142],"using":[144,155],"controller":[148,153],"opposed":[150],"tuned":[154],"conventional":[157],"Ziegler\u2014Nichols":[158],"(ZN)":[159],"method.":[160],"It":[161],"can":[162],"be":[163],"observed":[164],"through":[165],"reported":[167],"results":[168],"use":[171],"former":[174],"technique":[175],"helps":[176],"achieve":[178],"highly":[180],"fast":[185],"settling":[186],"time,":[187],"reasonable":[188],"overshoot,":[189],"loop":[190],"disturbance":[191],"rejection,":[192],"high":[194],"bandwidth":[196],"focusing":[199],"mechanism.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
