{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152632432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","title":"The Carbon Budget in Soils","display_name":"The Carbon Budget in Soils","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152632432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","mag":"2152632432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135981667","display_name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","issn_l":"0084-6597","issn":["0084-6597","1545-4495"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045171524","display_name":"Ronald Amundson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-7313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-7313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Amundson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045171524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":714,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"535","last_page":"562"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-carbon","display_name":"soil carbon","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-budget","display_name":"carbon balance","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-cycle","display_name":"carbon cycle","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-change","display_name":"land use change","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-disturbance","display_name":"human disturbance","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-soils","display_name":"tropical soils","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-latitudes","display_name":"northern latitudes","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-co2","display_name":"atmospheric CO2","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-sinks-and-sources","display_name":"carbon sinks and sources","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143050476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194502","display_name":"Sink (geography)","level":2,"score":0.631602942943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.6051239967346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.6028249263763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5934610962867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149677717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611523","display_name":"Carbon sink","level":3,"score":0.5733492374420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.506981372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.45683473348617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4366286098957062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.36391881108283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.34646400809288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3117842674255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24256202578544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.24174818396568298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.21953463554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20804095268249512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0689329206943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135981667","display_name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","issn_l":"0084-6597","issn":["0084-6597","1545-4495"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6000000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49132969","https://openalex.org/W269823899","https://openalex.org/W659136657","https://openalex.org/W1480646436","https://openalex.org/W1502768870","https://openalex.org/W1505543708","https://openalex.org/W1520616987","https://openalex.org/W1559199804","https://openalex.org/W1560176444","https://openalex.org/W1569730073","https://openalex.org/W1605679211","https://openalex.org/W1800837400","https://openalex.org/W1894867788","https://openalex.org/W1968092043","https://openalex.org/W1969948439","https://openalex.org/W1979810553","https://openalex.org/W1981691173","https://openalex.org/W1982455662","https://openalex.org/W1984760051","https://openalex.org/W1985161920","https://openalex.org/W1989094997","https://openalex.org/W1991338739","https://openalex.org/W1993096766","https://openalex.org/W1994190549","https://openalex.org/W1996864601","https://openalex.org/W2004380929","https://openalex.org/W2005763135","https://openalex.org/W2007642579","https://openalex.org/W2007739117","https://openalex.org/W2010053656","https://openalex.org/W2011435649","https://openalex.org/W2014461778","https://openalex.org/W2015801070","https://openalex.org/W2023035150","https://openalex.org/W2024415358","https://openalex.org/W2025799576","https://openalex.org/W2028443048","https://openalex.org/W2028995974","https://openalex.org/W2030717878","https://openalex.org/W2032518966","https://openalex.org/W2032638770","https://openalex.org/W2033404926","https://openalex.org/W2040125028","https://openalex.org/W2041823965","https://openalex.org/W2045078541","https://openalex.org/W2045631910","https://openalex.org/W2052289430","https://openalex.org/W2056631029","https://openalex.org/W2058551759","https://openalex.org/W2059290031","https://openalex.org/W2061936665","https://openalex.org/W2065985257","https://openalex.org/W2067019078","https://openalex.org/W2070420656","https://openalex.org/W2070647479","https://openalex.org/W2071010059","https://openalex.org/W2073221080","https://openalex.org/W2078984411","https://openalex.org/W2089027164","https://openalex.org/W2091643506","https://openalex.org/W2094839573","https://openalex.org/W2103559249","https://openalex.org/W2108520349","https://openalex.org/W2108732658","https://openalex.org/W2109805420","https://openalex.org/W2124028784","https://openalex.org/W2125103457","https://openalex.org/W2125423077","https://openalex.org/W2133672286","https://openalex.org/W2134005234","https://openalex.org/W2142935748","https://openalex.org/W2143386838","https://openalex.org/W2147613999","https://openalex.org/W2149732377","https://openalex.org/W2150193364","https://openalex.org/W2152422230","https://openalex.org/W2153999789","https://openalex.org/W2154968207","https://openalex.org/W2159758382","https://openalex.org/W2162066644","https://openalex.org/W2174069807","https://openalex.org/W2240752469","https://openalex.org/W2240761735","https://openalex.org/W2247997230","https://openalex.org/W2254100412","https://openalex.org/W2254539765","https://openalex.org/W2314614550","https://openalex.org/W2334303507","https://openalex.org/W2484913202","https://openalex.org/W2560584586","https://openalex.org/W2599838732","https://openalex.org/W2681424729","https://openalex.org/W2961933998","https://openalex.org/W4242294120","https://openalex.org/W4254256999","https://openalex.org/W4254621416","https://openalex.org/W4291820638","https://openalex.org/W4300555961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3144952416","https://openalex.org/W1981989787","https://openalex.org/W1968435195","https://openalex.org/W2354430753","https://openalex.org/W1795649102","https://openalex.org/W2361685013","https://openalex.org/W2001758539","https://openalex.org/W2376722068","https://openalex.org/W2080481328","https://openalex.org/W1990792974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u25aa":[0],"Abstract":[1],"The":[2],"global":[3,67],"soil":[4,39,68],"C":[5,10,40,69],"reservoir,":[6],"\u223c1500":[7],"Gt":[8,12],"of":[9,15,36,44,52],"(1":[11],"=":[13],"1012kg":[14],"C),":[16],"is":[17,24,41,73],"dynamic":[18],"on":[19],"decadal":[20],"time":[21],"scales":[22],"and":[23,28,49,71,81,88,101],"sensitive":[25],"to":[26,79,95],"climate":[27],"human":[29,83],"disturbance.":[30],"At":[31],"present,":[32],"as":[33],"a":[34,42,53],"result":[35],"land":[37],"use,":[38],"source":[43],"atmospheric":[45],"CO2in":[46],"the":[47,61,66],"tropics":[48],"possibly":[50],"part":[51],"sink":[54],"in":[55],"northern":[56],"latitudes.":[57],"Here":[58],"I":[59,93],"review":[60],"processes":[62],"responsible":[63],"for":[64],"maintaining":[65],"reservoir":[70],"what":[72],"known":[74],"about":[75],"how":[76],"it":[77],"responds":[78],"direct":[80],"indirect":[82],"perturbations.":[84],"\u201cI":[85],"am":[86],"fire":[87],"air;":[89],"my":[90],"other":[91],"elements":[92],"give":[94],"baser":[96],"life\u201d":[97],"\u2014William":[98],"Shakespeare,":[99],"Antony":[100],"Cleopatra":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}