{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152146755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","title":"THE ROLE OF CONTINGENCIES AND \u201cPRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIORAL VARIATION\u201d IN PIGEONS' PECKING","display_name":"THE ROLE OF CONTINGENCIES AND \u201cPRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIORAL VARIATION\u201d IN PIGEONS' PECKING","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152146755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","mag":"2152146755","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812174","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1332940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082762365","display_name":"Douglas P. Fenner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121058860","display_name":"Dickinson College","ror":"https://ror.org/02ydh7m84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121058860"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Fenner","raw_affiliation_strings":["DICKINSON COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DICKINSON COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121058860"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082762365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121058860"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83368911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pecking-behavior","display_name":"pecking behavior","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigeons","display_name":"pigeons","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-interval-schedules","display_name":"fixed-interval schedules","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-time-schedules","display_name":"fixed-time schedules","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoshaping","display_name":"autoshaping","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noncontingent-reinforcement","display_name":"noncontingent reinforcement","score":0.8579999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.9521024227142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59485491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438403","display_name":"Pecking order","level":2,"score":0.8719976544380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.6393563747406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5901678204536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4370269775390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35175174474716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2835853099822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2466639280319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2105252742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15764716267585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09409812092781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06354469060897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1332940","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1332940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16812174","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2152146755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2152146755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603790047","https://openalex.org/W1973325680","https://openalex.org/W1975067354","https://openalex.org/W1979216635","https://openalex.org/W1980301274","https://openalex.org/W1998239112","https://openalex.org/W1999209810","https://openalex.org/W2009996896","https://openalex.org/W2012932917","https://openalex.org/W2041788999","https://openalex.org/W2044391780","https://openalex.org/W2062300116","https://openalex.org/W2086293665","https://openalex.org/W2101548139","https://openalex.org/W2119743323","https://openalex.org/W2129463855","https://openalex.org/W2162733293","https://openalex.org/W3109068248","https://openalex.org/W4247457566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084602603","https://openalex.org/W2283249521","https://openalex.org/W2007338467","https://openalex.org/W2073113689","https://openalex.org/W2134374069","https://openalex.org/W1898943054","https://openalex.org/W2072020563","https://openalex.org/W2076440402","https://openalex.org/W1990040486","https://openalex.org/W1984280866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Staddon":[0,67],"and":[1,68,80,156],"Simmelhag's":[2,69],"proposal":[3,76],"that":[4,77,130,149],"behavior":[5,123],"is":[6],"produced":[7],"by":[8],"\"principles":[9,70],"of":[10,14,16,35,41,48,71,85,88,105,113,154],"behavioral":[11,72],"variation\"":[12,73],"instead":[13],"contingencies":[15],"reinforcement":[17,55,155],"was":[18,147],"tested":[19],"in":[20,132],"two":[21],"experiments.":[22],"In":[23,90],"the":[24,75,91,119,127,143,151],"first":[25],"experiment":[26,93],"pigeons":[27,94],"were":[28,82,95],"exposed":[29,52,63,96],"to":[30,53,57,64,97],"either":[31,98],"a":[32,45,83,99,102,110],"fixed-interval":[33],"schedule":[34,40,47,104,129],"response-contingent":[36],"reinforcement,":[37,43],"an":[38],"autoshaping":[39],"stimulus-contingent":[42],"or":[44,101],"fixed-time":[46,100,128],"noncontingent":[49,65,106],"reinforcement.":[50,66,89,107],"Pigeons":[51],"contingent":[54],"came":[56],"peck":[58],"more":[59],"rapidly":[60],"than":[61],"those":[62,140],"included":[74],"patterns":[78,125],"(interim":[79],"terminal)":[81,138],"function":[84],"momentary":[86,152],"probability":[87,153],"second":[92],"random-time":[103,120,144],"Pecking":[108],"showed":[109,124],"constant":[111],"frequency":[112],"occurrence":[114],"over":[115],"postfood":[116,157],"time":[117,158],"on":[118,126,142],"schedule.":[121,145],"Most":[122],"differed":[131],"overall":[133],"shape":[134],"(i.e.,":[135],"interim":[136],"versus":[137],"from":[139],"shown":[141],"It":[146],"concluded":[148],"both":[150],"can":[159],"affect":[160],"patterning.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}