{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152115109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","title":"In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy","display_name":"In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152115109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","mag":"2152115109","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7695238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ana.410370315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114530997","display_name":"Annals of Neurology","issn_l":"0364-5134","issn":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056899443","display_name":"Susan G. Wilt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan G. Wilt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4160","Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4160","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045700662","display_name":"Elizabeth A. Milward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-7795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-7795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Milward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027407906","display_name":"Jia Min Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Min Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001568893","display_name":"Kunihiko Nagasato","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunihiko Nagasato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082785704","display_name":"Heather M. Patton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3581-5237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3581-5237"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Patton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049681017","display_name":"Ray Rusten","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray Rusten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040754947","display_name":"Diane E. Griffin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6643-2429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6643-2429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diane E. Griffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109351672","display_name":"Michael J. O\u2019Connor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801219303","display_name":"Graduate Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0116mdr21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801219303","https://openalex.org/I4210143392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Graduate Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Graduate Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801219303","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108427814","display_name":"Monique E. Dubois-Dalcq","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110767","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Monique Dubois\u2010Dalcq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Viral and Molecular Pathogenesis, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108427814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210110767"],"apc_list":{"value":4700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97354839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"3","first_page":"381","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.1662999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-dementia","display_name":"HIV-associated dementia","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglia","display_name":"microglia","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligodendrocyte-death","display_name":"oligodendrocyte death","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor","display_name":"TNF receptor","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentoxifylline","display_name":"pentoxifylline","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxicity","display_name":"neurotoxicity","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aids","display_name":"AIDS","score":0.8650000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778621155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576349","display_name":"Encephalopathy","level":2,"score":0.6212584376335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.6171273589134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.554166316986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5523552894592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17991360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21173843","display_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","level":2,"score":0.5070021152496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4661634564399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503630168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178069","display_name":"Necrosis","level":2,"score":0.4653177261352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.4395171105861664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3586006760597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3207930326461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2773362994194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1524963080883026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06923782825469971}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000906","descriptor_name":"Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001483","descriptor_name":"Base Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002478","descriptor_name":"Cells, Cultured","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008969","descriptor_name":"Molecular Sequence Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009836","descriptor_name":"Oligodendroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009836","descriptor_name":"Oligodendroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009836","descriptor_name":"Oligodendroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009836","descriptor_name":"Oligodendroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010431","descriptor_name":"Pentoxifylline","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011994","descriptor_name":"Recombinant Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012333","descriptor_name":"RNA, Messenger","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014409","descriptor_name":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014409","descriptor_name":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014409","descriptor_name":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014779","descriptor_name":"Virus Replication","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014779","descriptor_name":"Virus Replication","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015526","descriptor_name":"AIDS Dementia Complex","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015703","descriptor_name":"Antigens, CD","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016655","descriptor_name":"HIV Core Protein p24","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016655","descriptor_name":"HIV Core Protein p24","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017628","descriptor_name":"Microglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017628","descriptor_name":"Microglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017628","descriptor_name":"Microglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017628","descriptor_name":"Microglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018124","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D047888","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ana.410370315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114530997","display_name":"Annals of Neurology","issn_l":"0364-5134","issn":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7695238","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7695238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of neurology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1531670012","display_name":"RESEARCH CENTERS FOR AIDS DEMENTIA","funder_award_id":"P01NS026643","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G276997075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS 26643","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87946772","https://openalex.org/W381740185","https://openalex.org/W1541486667","https://openalex.org/W1575731167","https://openalex.org/W1600827637","https://openalex.org/W1784761870","https://openalex.org/W1805879606","https://openalex.org/W1829425617","https://openalex.org/W1899554279","https://openalex.org/W1959525771","https://openalex.org/W1960667696","https://openalex.org/W1974531431","https://openalex.org/W1975386426","https://openalex.org/W1975869070","https://openalex.org/W1976895949","https://openalex.org/W1991069898","https://openalex.org/W2002507218","https://openalex.org/W2003567882","https://openalex.org/W2004219852","https://openalex.org/W2005867411","https://openalex.org/W2007703142","https://openalex.org/W2010020722","https://openalex.org/W2012437957","https://openalex.org/W2013052118","https://openalex.org/W2025392129","https://openalex.org/W2029385473","https://openalex.org/W2035013487","https://openalex.org/W2037696254","https://openalex.org/W2042750848","https://openalex.org/W2049206498","https://openalex.org/W2050509557","https://openalex.org/W2052398986","https://openalex.org/W2053053546","https://openalex.org/W2056958245","https://openalex.org/W2057714178","https://openalex.org/W2069333165","https://openalex.org/W2077012020","https://openalex.org/W2077968305","https://openalex.org/W2088105997","https://openalex.org/W2088591814","https://openalex.org/W2090439142","https://openalex.org/W2092330976","https://openalex.org/W2092580120","https://openalex.org/W2093530590","https://openalex.org/W2100343850","https://openalex.org/W2101129399","https://openalex.org/W2133655326","https://openalex.org/W2135271960","https://openalex.org/W2139902700","https://openalex.org/W2145297890","https://openalex.org/W2146932658","https://openalex.org/W2176899369","https://openalex.org/W2402721094","https://openalex.org/W2465364819","https://openalex.org/W2748101318","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6652746779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W87946772","https://openalex.org/W2049206498","https://openalex.org/W2049659704","https://openalex.org/W1550214078","https://openalex.org/W1541448594","https://openalex.org/W1860179942","https://openalex.org/W2097602995","https://openalex.org/W1537550127","https://openalex.org/W1997395033","https://openalex.org/W2133555485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microglial":[0],"cell":[1],"activation,":[2],"myelin":[3],"alteration,":[4],"and":[5,26,37,58,70,96,110,199],"abundant":[6],"tumor":[7],"necrosis":[8],"factor":[9],"(TNF)-alpha":[10],"message":[11,57],"have":[12],"been":[13,106],"observed":[14],"in":[15,50,60,72,108,118,136,146,169,190],"the":[16,46,73,82,99,209],"brains":[17],"of":[18,33,48,75,143,158,208,212],"some":[19,147,207],"human":[20,35,42,94,131],"immunodeficiency":[21,214],"virus":[22],"type":[23],"1":[24],"(HIV-1)-infected":[25],"demented":[27],"patients.":[28],"We":[29,182],"therefore":[30],"used":[31],"cultures":[32],"purified":[34],"microglia":[36,54,95,160,198],"oligodendrocytes":[38,97],"derived":[39],"from":[40],"adult":[41],"brain":[43],"to":[44,171],"examine":[45],"role":[47,189],"TNF-alpha":[49,56,76,79,83,113,132,180,185,203],"HIV-1":[51,68,116,191],"encephalopathy.":[52],"Human":[53],"synthesize":[55],"protein":[59],"vitro.":[61],"When":[62],"these":[63,165],"cells":[64,148,166],"were":[65],"infected":[66],"with":[67],"JrFL":[69],"maintained":[71],"presence":[74],"antibodies,":[77],"soluble":[78],"receptors,":[80,102],"or":[81,90,161],"inhibitor":[84],"pentoxifylline,":[85],"viral":[86,194],"replication":[87,117,195],"was":[88,176],"delayed":[89],"strongly":[91],"inhibited.":[92],"Both":[93],"express":[98],"two":[100],"TNF":[101],"TNF-R1,":[103],"which":[104,175],"has":[105],"implicated":[107],"cytotoxicity,":[109],"TNF-R2.":[111],"While":[112],"may":[114,153,205],"enhance":[115],"an":[119],"autocrine":[120],"manner,":[121],"it":[122],"is":[123],"not":[124],"toxic":[125],"for":[126],"microglia.":[127],"In":[128,140],"contrast,":[129],"recombinant":[130],"causes":[133],"oligodendrocyte":[134,151,173],"death":[135,152],"a":[137,187],"dose-dependent":[138],"manner.":[139],"situ":[141],"detection":[142],"DNA":[144],"fragmentation":[145],"indicated":[149],"that":[150,184],"occur":[154],"by":[155,164,179,196],"apoptosis.":[156],"Addition":[157],"live":[159],"medium":[162],"conditioned":[163],"also":[167],"resulted":[168],"30":[170],"40%":[172],"death,":[174],"largely":[177],"prevented":[178],"inhibitors.":[181],"propose":[183],"plays":[186],"dual":[188],"encephalopathy,":[192],"enhancing":[193],"activated":[197],"damaging":[200],"oligodendrocytes.":[201],"Thus,":[202],"inhibitors":[204],"alleviate":[206],"neurological":[210],"manifestations":[211],"acquired":[213],"syndrome.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
