{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151872503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","title":"Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States","display_name":"Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151872503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","mag":"2151872503","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19215605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70513841","display_name":"Addiction","issn_l":"0965-2140","issn":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080704496","display_name":"Don C. Des Jarlais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0157-8168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0157-8168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287643137","display_name":"Mount Sinai Beth Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/01742jq13","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137","https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Don C. Des Jarlais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beth Israel Medical Center, 160Water Street-24th Floor, NewYork, NY 10038, USA. dcdesjarla@aol.com","Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beth Israel Medical Center, 160Water Street-24th Floor, NewYork, NY 10038, USA. dcdesjarla@aol.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018096344","display_name":"Courtney A. McKnight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-5381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-5381"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287643137","display_name":"Mount Sinai Beth Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/01742jq13","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137","https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Courtney McKnight","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009392911","display_name":"Cullen Goldblatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-9244","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-9244"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287643137","display_name":"Mount Sinai Beth Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/01742jq13","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137","https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cullen Goldblatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007388216","display_name":"David Purchase","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Purchase","raw_affiliation_strings":["North American Syringe Exchange Network, Tacoma, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North American Syringe Exchange Network, Tacoma, WA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080704496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287643137"],"apc_list":{"value":4600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4600},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":138,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97945692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"9","first_page":"1441","last_page":"1446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/needle-exchange-programs","display_name":"needle exchange programs","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-reduction","display_name":"harm reduction","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-who-inject-drugs","display_name":"people who inject drugs","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-growth","display_name":"program growth","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-funding","display_name":"government funding","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-counseling-and-testing","display_name":"HIV counseling and testing","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c","display_name":"hepatitis C","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b","display_name":"hepatitis B","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naloxone","display_name":"naloxone","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condom-distribution","display_name":"condom distribution","score":0.6740000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529928208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458711","display_name":"Harm reduction","level":3,"score":0.8250795602798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273318","display_name":"Syringe","level":2,"score":0.7141191959381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.647784948348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5303148627281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1974071","display_name":"Needle sharing","level":5,"score":0.5166090130805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40010229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Substance abuse","level":2,"score":0.41374871134757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778750930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4540629","display_name":"(+)-Naloxone","level":4,"score":0.4135088324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3994775712490082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.39038869738578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.34019291400909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.309286892414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.16920295357704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.13880035281181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.1303386688232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14076","display_name":"Condom","level":4,"score":0.10523101687431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09201601147651672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41083","display_name":"Syphilis","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018671","descriptor_name":"Needle-Exchange Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018671","descriptor_name":"Needle-Exchange Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040261","descriptor_name":"Harm Reduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70513841","display_name":"Addiction","issn_l":"0965-2140","issn":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19215605","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19215605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976224684","https://openalex.org/W1977421965","https://openalex.org/W2012389503","https://openalex.org/W2037760190","https://openalex.org/W2040826635","https://openalex.org/W2045179971","https://openalex.org/W2136764463","https://openalex.org/W2137206470","https://openalex.org/W2146404867","https://openalex.org/W2146793423","https://openalex.org/W2163409262","https://openalex.org/W2163942679","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095223714","https://openalex.org/W6979169729","https://openalex.org/W1984174478","https://openalex.org/W6979169250","https://openalex.org/W6979184821","https://openalex.org/W2130766941","https://openalex.org/W2413891861","https://openalex.org/W2082758063","https://openalex.org/W4234215525","https://openalex.org/W6979082931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"trace":[2],"the":[3,11,18,85,171,204,252,258,263],"growth":[4,212,259],"of":[5,21,26,66,88,135,183,192,215,229,260],"syringe":[6,180,198,248],"exchange":[7,139,199,218,224,249],"programs":[8,67,82,136],"(SEPs)":[9],"in":[10,61,75,79,84,176,194,203,213,257,262],"United":[12,205,264],"States":[13],"since":[14,57],"1994-95":[15,76],"and":[16,55,115,120,140,163,165,219,233,243],"assess":[17],"current":[19],"state":[20,119],"SEPs.":[22],"METHODS:":[23],"Annual":[24],"surveys":[25,58],"US":[27,113,130],"SEPs":[28,193,235,261],"known":[29,68],"to":[30,39,69,77,98,110,127,146,178,225],"North":[31],"American":[32],"Syringe":[33],"Exchange":[34],"Network":[35],"(NASEN).":[36],"Surveys":[37],"mailed":[38],"executive":[40],"directors":[41],"with":[42],"follow-up":[43],"interviews":[44],"by":[45,188],"telephone":[46],"and/or":[47],"e-mail.":[48],"Response":[49],"rates":[50],"have":[51,71,91,106,250],"varied":[52],"between":[53],"70%":[54],"88%":[56],"were":[59,169],"initiated":[60],"1996.":[62],"RESULTS:":[63],"The":[64],"numbers":[65,87,214,228],"NASEN":[70],"increased":[72,92,107,124],"from":[73,93,108,125],"68":[74],"186":[78],"2007.":[80,195],"Among":[81],"participating":[83],"survey,":[86],"syringes":[89,217],"exchanged":[90],"8.0":[94],"million":[95,100,112,129],"per":[96,101],"year":[97],"29.5":[99],"year,":[102],"total":[103],"annual":[104],"budgets":[105],"6.3":[109],"19.6":[111],"dollars":[114],"public":[116],"funding":[117],"(from":[118],"local":[121],"governments)":[122],"has":[123,200,208],"3.9":[126],"14.4":[128],"dollars.":[131],"In":[132],"2007,":[133],"89%":[134],"permitted":[137],"secondary":[138,223],"76%":[141],"encouraged":[142],"it.":[143],"Condoms,":[144],"referrals":[145],"substance":[147],"abuse":[148],"treatment,":[149],"human":[150],"immunodeficiency":[151],"virus":[152,156,160],"(HIV),":[153],"hepatitis":[154,158],"C":[155],"(HCV),":[157],"B":[159],"(HBV)":[161],"counseling":[162],"testing":[164],"naloxone":[166],"for":[167,240],"overdose":[168],"among":[170],"most":[172],"commonly":[173],"provided":[174,187],"services":[175,185,245],"addition":[177],"basic":[179,247],"exchange.":[181],"Each":[182],"these":[184],"was":[186],"40%":[189],"or":[190],"more":[191],"CONCLUSIONS:":[196],"While":[197],"remained":[201],"controversial":[202],"States,":[206],"there":[207],"been":[209,251],"very":[210],"substantial":[211],"programs,":[216],"program":[220],"budgets.":[221],"Utilizing":[222],"reach":[226],"large":[227],"injecting":[230],"drug":[231],"users":[232],"utilizing":[234],"as":[236],"a":[237],"new":[238],"platform":[239],"providing":[241],"health":[242],"social":[244],"beyond":[246],"two":[253],"major":[254],"organizational":[255],"strategies":[256],"States.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
