{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151379166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","title":"The twin questions of personalized medicine: who are you and whom do you most resemble?","display_name":"The twin questions of personalized medicine: who are you and whom do you most resemble?","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151379166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","mag":"2151379166","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19348691","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2651581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/gm4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","pdf_url":"https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/gm4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149201819","display_name":"Genome Medicine","issn_l":"1756-994X","issn":["1756-994X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/gm4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088509061","display_name":"Isaac S. Kohane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2192-5160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2192-5160"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isaac S Kohane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088509061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":5290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5290},"apc_paid":{"value":5290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5290},"fwci":2.2035,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88085106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.29760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.29760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.15109999477863312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14512","display_name":"Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health","score":0.07919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-medicine","display_name":"personalized medicine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-characterization","display_name":"patient characterization","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-modeling","display_name":"stochastic modeling","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-decision-making","display_name":"rational decision-making","score":0.7680000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.8089970350265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.7844207882881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6000361442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5815335512161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.5653078556060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.4799368977546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42963922023773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42418113350868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4116450250148773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3208121657371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31334057450294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17080047726631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16659367084503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.15656709671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12205588817596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/gm4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","pdf_url":"https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/gm4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149201819","display_name":"Genome Medicine","issn_l":"1756-994X","issn":["1756-994X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2651581","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2651581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:19348691","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19348691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.9188","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.9188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/gm4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/4874842","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4874842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/514147","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/514147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"323283","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/gm4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/gm4","pdf_url":"https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/gm4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149201819","display_name":"Genome Medicine","issn_l":"1756-994X","issn":["1756-994X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2151379166.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2151379166.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191673","https://openalex.org/W17682891","https://openalex.org/W76332699","https://openalex.org/W1525299030","https://openalex.org/W1588227575","https://openalex.org/W1995792510","https://openalex.org/W2009269073","https://openalex.org/W2028107207","https://openalex.org/W2033005798","https://openalex.org/W2036910311","https://openalex.org/W2054664433","https://openalex.org/W2060265905","https://openalex.org/W2063005653","https://openalex.org/W2071677204","https://openalex.org/W2086080347","https://openalex.org/W2096568945","https://openalex.org/W2164017889","https://openalex.org/W2318605753","https://openalex.org/W2397912272","https://openalex.org/W4230906437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100139753","https://openalex.org/W4213205475","https://openalex.org/W2400302571","https://openalex.org/W2795098858","https://openalex.org/W2045105961","https://openalex.org/W2993277114","https://openalex.org/W2469117517","https://openalex.org/W4234845702","https://openalex.org/W3143397451","https://openalex.org/W2077658386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Personalized":[0],"medicine":[1,38],"is":[2,49],"typically":[3],"described":[4],"as":[5],"the":[6,25,47,56,64,67,90,94],"use":[7],"of":[8,24,37,45,55,66],"molecular":[9],"or":[10],"genetic":[11],"characteristics":[12],"to":[13,32,81],"customize":[14],"therapy.":[15],"This":[16],"perspective":[17],"at":[18,28,69],"best":[19],"provides":[20],"an":[21,51],"incomplete":[22],"model":[23],"patient":[26,48,62],"and":[27,50,77],"worst":[29],"can":[30,78],"lead":[31],"grossly":[33],"inappropriate":[34],"practices.":[35],"Personalization":[36],"requires":[39],"two":[40],"characterizations:":[41],"a":[42,85],"well-grounded":[43],"understanding":[44,54],"who":[46],"equally":[52],"robust":[53],"subpopulation":[57],"that":[58,61,88],"most":[59],"resembles":[60],"in":[63,84],"context":[65],"decisions":[68],"hand.":[70],"These":[71],"characterizations":[72],"are":[73],"readily":[74],"represented":[75],"probabilistically":[76],"be":[79],"used":[80],"drive":[82],"decision-making":[83],"rational":[86],"manner":[87],"maximizes":[89],"positive":[91],"outcomes":[92],"for":[93],"patient.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}