{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151351982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","title":"Towards a Theory of Early Visual Processing","display_name":"Towards a Theory of Early Visual Processing","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151351982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","mag":"2151351982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052187368","display_name":"Joseph J. Atick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph J. Atick","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001812924","display_name":"Amanda Redlich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5217-5801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5217-5801"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Norman Redlich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2103,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":556,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96808233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"308","last_page":"320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-visual-processing","display_name":"early visual processing","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy-reduction","display_name":"redundancy reduction","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"information theory","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-coding","display_name":"optimal coding","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"noise","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-function","display_name":"transfer function","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.8820000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5128162503242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.5023248195648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4987211227416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4978039264678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4896879494190216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4768441915512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.4463648498058319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.43852925300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.4324849247932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4135761260986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40306493639945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4011135697364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35818707942962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2941490411758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14185288548469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.08401170372962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516664043","https://openalex.org/W1988849438","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2016302674","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2041905826","https://openalex.org/W2049494623","https://openalex.org/W2095087224","https://openalex.org/W2122925692","https://openalex.org/W2135346645","https://openalex.org/W2912889105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2303107142","https://openalex.org/W1999750253","https://openalex.org/W3045577829","https://openalex.org/W625434097","https://openalex.org/W7095738559","https://openalex.org/W2004928594","https://openalex.org/W1993197592","https://openalex.org/W2035681691","https://openalex.org/W2162489171","https://openalex.org/W2079451710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,111],"propose":[1],"a":[2,38,43,105],"theory":[3,14,22,60],"of":[4,20,28,49,56,108,119,146],"the":[5,9,18,26,47,54,85,91,100,114,117,123,138],"early":[6],"processing":[7,30,126],"in":[8,17,34,93],"mammalian":[10],"visual":[11],"pathway.":[12],"The":[13,133],"is":[15,31,78,88,102],"formulated":[16],"language":[19],"information":[21,51],"and":[23,130],"hypothesizes":[24],"that":[25,45],"goal":[27],"this":[29,59],"to":[32,36,42,63,71,89,121,148],"recode":[33],"order":[35],"reduce":[37],"\u201cgeneralized":[39],"redundancy\u201d":[40],"subject":[41],"constraint":[44],"specifies":[46],"amount":[48],"average":[50],"preserved.":[52],"In":[53],"limit":[55],"no":[57],"noise,":[58],"becomes":[61],"equivalent":[62],"Barlow's":[64],"redundancy":[65],"reduction":[66],"hypothesis,":[67],"but":[68],"it":[69],"leads":[70],"very":[72],"different":[73],"computational":[74],"strategies":[75],"when":[76],"noise":[77],"present.":[79],"A":[80],"tractable":[81],"approach":[82],"for":[83,116],"finding":[84],"optimal":[86],"encoding":[87],"solve":[90],"problem":[92],"successive":[94],"stages":[95],"where":[96],"at":[97,143],"each":[98],"stage":[99],"optimization":[101],"performed":[103],"within":[104],"restricted":[106],"class":[107,118],"transfer":[109,141],"functions.":[110],"explicitly":[112],"find":[113],"solution":[115,134],"encodings":[120],"which":[122],"parvocellular":[124],"retinal":[125],"belongs,":[127],"namely":[128],"linear":[129],"nondivergent":[131],"transformations.":[132],"shows":[135],"agreement":[136],"with":[137],"experimentally":[139],"observed":[140],"functions":[142],"all":[144],"levels":[145],"signal":[147],"noise.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
