{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150126366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","title":"Levels of Analysis and Social Class Differences in Language","display_name":"Levels of Analysis and Social Class Differences in Language","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150126366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","mag":"2150126366","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4666331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002383097201500407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137261208","display_name":"Language and Speech","issn_l":"0023-8309","issn":["0023-8309","1756-6053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language and Speech","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012110077","display_name":"Catherine J. Garvey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Garvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026083561","display_name":"Ellen Dickstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Dickstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94008715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"375","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13727","display_name":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levels-of-linguistic-analysis","display_name":"levels of linguistic analysis","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-forms","display_name":"grammatical forms","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-choice","display_name":"word choice","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences-in-speech","display_name":"sex differences in speech","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-speech","display_name":"children's speech","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving-tasks","display_name":"problem-solving tasks","score":0.8569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6876803636550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.6240707039833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142806620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189970","display_name":"Social status","level":2,"score":0.5336324572563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.4599226415157318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28519872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160845","display_name":"Sociolinguistics","level":2,"score":0.4265534579753876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.425495445728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14547929167747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012923","descriptor_name":"Social Class","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014705","descriptor_name":"Verbal Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002383097201500407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097201500407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137261208","display_name":"Language and Speech","issn_l":"0023-8309","issn":["0023-8309","1756-6053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language and Speech","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:4666331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4666331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language and speech","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910207880","https://openalex.org/W2000468462","https://openalex.org/W2028087851","https://openalex.org/W2029491572","https://openalex.org/W2034416254","https://openalex.org/W2059964939","https://openalex.org/W2062783322","https://openalex.org/W2111692346","https://openalex.org/W2315390368","https://openalex.org/W2319592039","https://openalex.org/W2341461363","https://openalex.org/W4300955079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2777995393","https://openalex.org/W2354191579","https://openalex.org/W2327963704","https://openalex.org/W2059637808","https://openalex.org/W1986100170","https://openalex.org/W2340327603","https://openalex.org/W3198464452","https://openalex.org/W2341461363","https://openalex.org/W4281733544","https://openalex.org/W2337372383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1,21],"have":[2,22],"demonstrated":[3],"that":[4,125,142],"certain":[5],"differences":[6,127,145],"in":[7,128],"speech":[8,68,129],"behaviour":[9,130],"can":[10],"be":[11,138],"related":[12],"to":[13,115],"the":[14,26,67,90,102,110,119],"social":[15,94,106],"characteristics":[16],"of":[17,28,30,44,46,60,69,72,89,109,134],"speakers.":[18],"However,":[19],"these":[20],"not":[23],"explicitly":[24],"examined":[25],"effect":[27],"level":[29,133],"linguistic":[31,48,135],"analysis":[32,45,136],"on":[33,118],"correlations":[34],"observed":[35],"between":[36,93,105],"language":[37],"variables":[38],"and":[39,58,97],"status":[40,126,144],"variables.":[41],"Three":[42],"levels":[43],"a":[47,61],"construction":[49,91,103],"were":[50],"selected":[51],"for":[52],"study:":[53],"grammatical":[54,87],"form,":[55],"lexical":[56],"choice":[57,100],"use":[59],"predication":[62,111],"type.":[63],"The":[64,86,122],"corpus":[65],"was":[66],"forty-eight":[70],"dyads":[71],"children":[73],"(male,":[74],"female;":[75],"low,":[76],"middle":[77],"socio-economic":[78],"status;":[79],"Negro,":[80],"white)":[81],"performing":[82],"three":[83],"problem-solving":[84],"tasks.":[85],"form":[88],"differentiated":[92,104],"groups,":[95],"sexes":[96],"races.":[98],"Lexical":[99],"within":[101],"groups.":[107],"Use":[108],"type":[112],"however,":[113],"seemed":[114],"depend":[116],"primarily":[117],"task":[120],"itself.":[121],"findings":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"at":[131,147],"one":[132],"cannot":[137],"taken":[139],"as":[140],"evidence":[141],"similar":[143],"exist":[146],"another":[148],"level.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}