{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149708804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","title":"The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan","display_name":"The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149708804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","mag":"2149708804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034149418","display_name":"Anjum Aqeel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjum Aqeel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070258058","display_name":"Mohammed Nishat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Nishat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90835974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"651","last_page":"664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12040","display_name":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fdi-determinants","display_name":"determinants of FDI","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-shortage","display_name":"capital shortage","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-capital-flows","display_name":"international capital flows","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginal-product-of-capital","display_name":"marginal product of capital","score":0.8519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.8306114673614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6112205982208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5600040555000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5596687197685242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5576450824737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58202505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035700","display_name":"Capital formation","level":4,"score":0.5171141624450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.5000476837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.47305551171302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.45179107785224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993879009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8137","display_name":"Foreign capital","level":3,"score":0.4386313855648041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42047086358070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.4077817499637604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.3600562810897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.35760498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.22774767875671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.18490517139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.18122288584709167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13356444239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.05910751223564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.055461496114730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pid:journl:v:43:y:2004:i:4:p:651-664","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2004/4/PartII/Anjum%20Aqeel.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2004/4/PartII/Anjum%20Aqeel.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.651-664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32207669","https://openalex.org/W575712408","https://openalex.org/W600910024","https://openalex.org/W936225800","https://openalex.org/W1564513135","https://openalex.org/W1577157323","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1892007971","https://openalex.org/W1968269377","https://openalex.org/W1984859277","https://openalex.org/W1986618842","https://openalex.org/W1987886107","https://openalex.org/W1997382505","https://openalex.org/W2014296932","https://openalex.org/W2020668936","https://openalex.org/W2021719027","https://openalex.org/W2028853391","https://openalex.org/W2030419651","https://openalex.org/W2038333746","https://openalex.org/W2046235320","https://openalex.org/W2058201510","https://openalex.org/W2066872192","https://openalex.org/W2074158860","https://openalex.org/W2076989506","https://openalex.org/W2085454868","https://openalex.org/W2087486721","https://openalex.org/W2088225886","https://openalex.org/W2088635202","https://openalex.org/W2088777097","https://openalex.org/W2097580026","https://openalex.org/W2110603299","https://openalex.org/W2112836762","https://openalex.org/W2125987861","https://openalex.org/W2128011057","https://openalex.org/W2148738658","https://openalex.org/W2162503034","https://openalex.org/W2203652049","https://openalex.org/W2315487497","https://openalex.org/W2320454046","https://openalex.org/W2332842491","https://openalex.org/W2333207699","https://openalex.org/W2476682682","https://openalex.org/W2483975081","https://openalex.org/W2488790831","https://openalex.org/W2494321879","https://openalex.org/W2890660328","https://openalex.org/W3121163108","https://openalex.org/W3123566018","https://openalex.org/W3123884827","https://openalex.org/W3124978433","https://openalex.org/W3125962256","https://openalex.org/W3138377669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098862674","https://openalex.org/W2340300507","https://openalex.org/W1592281304","https://openalex.org/W4321461821","https://openalex.org/W2605070493","https://openalex.org/W2189056351","https://openalex.org/W2269261944","https://openalex.org/W3093974135","https://openalex.org/W2916159446","https://openalex.org/W2186770595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"significance":[1],"of":[2,42,58,90],"foreign":[3,24],"direct":[4,25],"investment":[5,26],"(FDI)":[6],"flows":[7],"is":[8,40,60,82],"well":[9],"documented":[10],"in":[11,44,62,70,86],"literature":[12],"for":[13,51,77],"both":[14],"the":[15,21,45,55,66,71,87],"developing":[16,46],"and":[17],"developed":[18,72],"countries.":[19,64],"Over":[20],"last":[22],"decade":[23],"have":[27],"grown":[28],"at":[29],"least":[30],"twice":[31],"as":[32,34],"rapidly":[33],"trade":[35],"Meyer,":[36],"(2003).":[37],"As":[38],"there":[39,81],"shortage":[41],"capital":[43,50,59],"countries,":[47],"which":[48],"need":[49],"their":[52,78],"development":[53],"process,":[54],"marginal":[56],"productivity":[57],"higher":[61],"these":[63],"On":[65],"other":[67],"hand":[68],"investors":[69],"world":[73],"seek":[74],"high":[75],"returns":[76],"capital.":[79,91],"Hence":[80],"a":[83],"mutual":[84],"benefit":[85],"international":[88],"movement":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}