{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149702226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","title":"A Longitudinal Study of Black\u2013White Differences in Social Resources","display_name":"A Longitudinal Study of Black\u2013White Differences in Social Resources","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149702226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","mag":"2149702226","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735447094","display_name":"The Journals of Gerontology Series B","issn_l":"1079-5014","issn":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026996448","display_name":"Lisa Laverne Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-9817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-9817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285301757","display_name":"Rush University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01j7c0b24","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49886154","display_name":"Rush University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9xac83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lisa L. Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Lisa_L_Barnes@rush.edu","Neurological Sciences,","Psychology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois","Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Lisa_L_Barnes@rush.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurological Sciences,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088069640","display_name":"Carlos F. Mendes de Leon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3020-826X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3020-826X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49886154","display_name":"Rush University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9xac83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos F. Mendes de Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internal Medicine,","Preventive Medicine, and","Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Preventive Medicine, and","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006588545","display_name":"Julia L. Bienias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49886154","display_name":"Rush University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9xac83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia L. Bienias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internal Medicine,","Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110403458","display_name":"Denis A. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-5401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-5401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49886154","display_name":"Rush University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k9xac83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis A. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internal Medicine,","Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, and Departments of","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49886154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026996448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285301757","https://openalex.org/I49886154"],"apc_list":{"value":4408,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4408},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1572,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93688902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"3","first_page":"S146","last_page":"S153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11265","display_name":"Aging and Gerontology Research","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12811","display_name":"Aging, Health, and Disability","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-older-adults","display_name":"Black older adults","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-networks","display_name":"social networks","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-engagement","display_name":"social engagement","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-resources","display_name":"social resources","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chicago-health-and-aging-project","display_name":"Chicago Health and Aging Project","score":0.7540000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.6167455911636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47295352816581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.469105064868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9701087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283504","display_name":"Social engagement","level":2,"score":0.422307550907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3749051094055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22834569215774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.05371400713920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002641","descriptor_name":"Chicago","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012944","descriptor_name":"Social Support","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.3.s146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735447094","display_name":"The Journals of Gerontology Series B","issn_l":"1079-5014","issn":["1079-5014","1758-5368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15118020","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G355533005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AG-11101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072860660","display_name":"Risk Factors for Incident Alzheimer's Disease in a Biracial Community","funder_award_id":"R01AG011101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6216102606","display_name":"SES and Age-Related Disability in a Biracial Community","funder_award_id":"R01ES010902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6688243520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES 10902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54617226","https://openalex.org/W77386852","https://openalex.org/W172754071","https://openalex.org/W896419256","https://openalex.org/W1596744658","https://openalex.org/W1884184344","https://openalex.org/W1987957354","https://openalex.org/W1999871186","https://openalex.org/W2010812479","https://openalex.org/W2029633727","https://openalex.org/W2029800681","https://openalex.org/W2030649167","https://openalex.org/W2033960741","https://openalex.org/W2038491842","https://openalex.org/W2046912302","https://openalex.org/W2048104409","https://openalex.org/W2052323081","https://openalex.org/W2062691772","https://openalex.org/W2065135383","https://openalex.org/W2082246284","https://openalex.org/W2084193720","https://openalex.org/W2084376024","https://openalex.org/W2085491458","https://openalex.org/W2098516684","https://openalex.org/W2101082759","https://openalex.org/W2101735548","https://openalex.org/W2111454269","https://openalex.org/W2120289566","https://openalex.org/W2124759802","https://openalex.org/W2125155617","https://openalex.org/W2127308075","https://openalex.org/W2127919434","https://openalex.org/W2128562501","https://openalex.org/W2132692918","https://openalex.org/W2136365525","https://openalex.org/W2139600111","https://openalex.org/W2140884566","https://openalex.org/W2149230781","https://openalex.org/W2150756490","https://openalex.org/W2151717212","https://openalex.org/W2163660377","https://openalex.org/W2168681489","https://openalex.org/W2315947201","https://openalex.org/W2323756619","https://openalex.org/W2779340508","https://openalex.org/W3044348100","https://openalex.org/W3123534837","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6808793626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044580006","https://openalex.org/W4200234050","https://openalex.org/W7118080849","https://openalex.org/W4284879578","https://openalex.org/W156994283","https://openalex.org/W2763235203","https://openalex.org/W1927295364","https://openalex.org/W4400774855","https://openalex.org/W3112151464","https://openalex.org/W4200403069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"examined":[3],"the":[4,45,73,109,179],"differences":[5,21,137,149,177],"in":[6,22,26,118,138,150],"levels":[7,130,164],"of":[8,24,35,60,63,67,75,111,131,165,181],"social":[9,12,27,68,98,114,126,132,151,155,166],"networks":[10,69,127],"and":[11,17,19,38,42,48,78,99,116,128],"engagement":[13,87,133,152],"between":[14],"older":[15,169],"Blacks":[16,37,123],"Whites":[18],"racial":[20,148,176],"rates":[23],"change":[25,117],"resources":[28,115,119,140,167],"over":[29,120],"time.":[30,121],"METHODS:":[31],"The":[32,158],"sample":[33],"consisted":[34],"5,102":[36],"Whites,":[39],"aged":[40],"65":[41],"older,":[43],"from":[44],"Chicago":[46],"Health":[47],"Aging":[49],"Project,":[50],"who":[51],"underwent":[52],"up":[53],"to":[54,97,107],"three":[55],"interviews":[56],"during":[57,143,184],"an":[58],"average":[59],"5.3":[61],"years":[62],"follow-up.":[64,144],"Repeated":[65],"measures":[66],"were":[70,105,141,178],"based":[71],"on":[72,113],"number":[74],"children,":[76],"relatives,":[77],"friends":[79],"seen":[80],"at":[81,90],"least":[82],"once":[83],"a":[84],"month.":[85],"Social":[86],"was":[88,172],"measured":[89],"each":[91],"interview":[92],"with":[93],"four":[94],"items":[95],"related":[96],"productive":[100],"activity.":[101],"Random":[102],"effects":[103],"models":[104],"fitted":[106],"test":[108],"effect":[110],"race":[112],"RESULTS:":[122],"had":[124],"smaller":[125],"lower":[129,163],"than":[134],"Whites.":[135],"Racial":[136],"these":[139],"stable":[142],"Socioeconomic":[145],"status":[146],"reduced":[147],"but":[153],"not":[154],"networks.":[156],"DISCUSSION:":[157],"findings":[159],"provide":[160],"evidence":[161,174],"for":[162],"among":[168],"Blacks.":[170],"There":[171],"little":[173],"that":[175],"result":[180],"greater":[182],"decline":[183],"old":[185],"age":[186],"itself.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
