{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149607338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","title":"Measurements of the alignments of typewritten characters\u2014preliminary findings","display_name":"Measurements of the alignments of typewritten characters\u2014preliminary findings","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149607338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","mag":"2149607338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207765","display_name":"Journal of the Forensic Science Society","issn_l":"0015-7368","issn":["0015-7368","1876-4282"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Forensic Science Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024128572","display_name":"Robert A. Hardcastle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283026217","display_name":"Home Office","ror":"https://ror.org/00y81cg83","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283026217","https://openalex.org/I2802373619"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.A. Hardcastle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham, United Kingdom B5 6QQ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham, United Kingdom B5 6QQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283026217"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P. Patel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283026217","display_name":"Home Office","ror":"https://ror.org/00y81cg83","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283026217","https://openalex.org/I2802373619"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham, United Kingdom B5 6QQ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham, United Kingdom B5 6QQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283026217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283026217"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63223022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"225","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.8310999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.8310999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13757","display_name":"Graphic Design and Typography","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typewriters","display_name":"typewriters","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-document-examination","display_name":"forensic document examination","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777869424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978185","display_name":"TypeScript","level":2,"score":0.8385006189346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5411486029624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45155346393585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4287397265434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3909685015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3796112835407257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.35776999592781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3455992341041565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2763308882713318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73343-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207765","display_name":"Journal of the Forensic Science Society","issn_l":"0015-7368","issn":["0015-7368","1876-4282"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Forensic Science Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1002961735","https://openalex.org/W1174480358","https://openalex.org/W1468207629","https://openalex.org/W1619699634","https://openalex.org/W2010119807","https://openalex.org/W2417150447","https://openalex.org/W4235506169","https://openalex.org/W4297984052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969069765","https://openalex.org/W2074275992","https://openalex.org/W7052314056","https://openalex.org/W1002961735","https://openalex.org/W7033683674","https://openalex.org/W7216896250","https://openalex.org/W1468207629","https://openalex.org/W595083103","https://openalex.org/W2606992614","https://openalex.org/W7071626354"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}