{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149408487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","title":"A short history of tissue fractionation.","display_name":"A short history of tissue fractionation.","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149408487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","mag":"2149408487","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7033241","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2112816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","pdf_url":"http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/91/3/293s.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96410829","display_name":"The Journal of Cell Biology","issn_l":"0021-9525","issn":["0021-9525","1540-8140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315676","host_organization_name":"Rockefeller University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315676"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Rockefeller University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of cell biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/91/3/293s.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111551991","display_name":"C. De Duve","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83399316","display_name":"Rockefeller University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420db125","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83399316"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C De Duve","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUVE The Rockefeller University, New York, and","HENRI BEAUFAY Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cel-lular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUVE The Rockefeller University, New York, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83399316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HENRI BEAUFAY Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cel-lular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109218654","display_name":"Henri Beaufay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83399316","display_name":"Rockefeller University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420db125","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83399316"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Beaufay","raw_affiliation_strings":["CHRISTIAN DE DUVE The Rockefeller University , New York , and","DUVE The Rockefeller University, New York, and","HENRI BEAUFAY Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cel-lular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CHRISTIAN DE DUVE The Rockefeller University , New York , and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83399316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUVE The Rockefeller University, New York, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83399316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HENRI BEAUFAY Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain and International Institute of Cel-lular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.7763,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98974776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"3","first_page":"293s","last_page":"299s"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7178000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7178000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.16060000658035278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14135","display_name":"Cancer and biochemical research","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-fractionation","display_name":"tissue fractionation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cell-biology","display_name":"history of cell biology","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcellular-fractionation","display_name":"subcellular fractionation","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-microscopy","display_name":"electron microscopy","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"chromatography","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radionuclides","display_name":"radionuclides","score":0.9610000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45940911769866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4435510039329529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39374056458473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3632155656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3422318398952484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.336294025182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28133463859558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10220769047737122}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002458","descriptor_name":"Cell Fractionation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002499","descriptor_name":"Centrifugation, Density Gradient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003585","descriptor_name":"Cell Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003585","descriptor_name":"Cell Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008854","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Electron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009940","descriptor_name":"Organoids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013347","descriptor_name":"Subcellular Fractions","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014461","descriptor_name":"Ultracentrifugation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","pdf_url":"http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/91/3/293s.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96410829","display_name":"The Journal of Cell Biology","issn_l":"0021-9525","issn":["0021-9525","1540-8140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315676","host_organization_name":"Rockefeller University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315676"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Rockefeller University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of cell biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:914673","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2112816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2112816","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2112816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Cell Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7033241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7033241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of cell biology","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:57785","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/57785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 91, no. 3, p. S293-S299 (1981)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.91.3.293s","pdf_url":"http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/91/3/293s.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96410829","display_name":"The Journal of Cell Biology","issn_l":"0021-9525","issn":["0021-9525","1540-8140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315676","host_organization_name":"Rockefeller University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315676"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Rockefeller University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of cell biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149408487.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149408487.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122712169","https://openalex.org/W565936414","https://openalex.org/W611146576","https://openalex.org/W1985522209","https://openalex.org/W2002992303","https://openalex.org/W2038327747","https://openalex.org/W2475596142","https://openalex.org/W4245537042","https://openalex.org/W4247649581","https://openalex.org/W4302078149","https://openalex.org/W4317417044","https://openalex.org/W6992155225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4211060052","https://openalex.org/W7097985094","https://openalex.org/W1583462048","https://openalex.org/W2481964158","https://openalex.org/W2130677135","https://openalex.org/W1485004619","https://openalex.org/W115429535","https://openalex.org/W147441900","https://openalex.org/W2413266226","https://openalex.org/W3036544335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"period":[1],"immediately":[2],"following":[3],"the":[4,14,22,37,41,53,57,62,71,79,82,98,118,139,152,155,165,184,219,246,269,286,289,297,300,316,322,334],"end":[5],"of":[6,16,21,40,52,59,64,84,86,89,102,120,164,188,226,230,264,274,279,288,291,299,310,319,336],"World":[7],"War":[8],"II":[9],"will":[10],"be":[11,158],"remembered":[12],"in":[13,115,127,211,243,268,330],"history":[15],"cell":[17,72,123,302],"biology":[18],"as":[19,105],"that":[20,44,48,271,325],"great":[23],"breakthrough":[24],".As":[25],"with":[26,67],"many":[27,174,331],"scientific":[28,176],"advances,":[29,177],"new":[30,33],"tools,":[31],"not":[32,112],"thoughts,":[34],"rendered":[35],"possible":[36],"massive":[38],"invasion":[39],"subcellular":[42],"world":[43],"was":[45,125,129],"launched":[46],"at":[47],"time":[49],".The":[50],"availability":[51],"electron":[54],"microscope,":[55],"and":[56,88,91,100,134,154,186,215,255,277],"development":[58,182],"procedures":[60],"allowing":[61],"examination":[63],"biological":[65],"samples":[66],"this":[68,170,280],"instrument,":[69],"made":[70],"accessible":[73],"to":[74,183,204,245,285,296,321],"detailed":[75],"morphological":[76],"exploration":[77],".At":[78],"same":[80],"time,":[81],"introduction":[83],"chromatography,":[85],"radioisotopes,":[87],"spectrophotometers":[90],"other":[92],"refined":[93],"physical":[94],"instruments,":[95],"enhanced":[96],"enormously":[97],"power":[99],"incisiveness":[101],"biochemical":[103],"analysis.Revolutionary":[104],"these":[106,145],"developments":[107],"were,":[108],"they":[109],"would,":[110],"nevertheless,":[111],"have":[113,238,251],"sufficed":[114],"themselves":[116],"for":[117],"construction":[119],"a":[121,130,136,148,161,189,199,212,227,253],"true":[122],"biology.What":[124],"needed,":[126],"addition,":[128],"bridge":[131],"between":[132,138],"morphology":[133],"biochemistry,":[135],"junction":[137],"essentially":[140],"parallel":[141],"avenues":[142],"opened":[143],"by":[144,306],"two":[146],"disciplines,":[147],"hybrid":[149],"methodology":[150],"whereby":[151],"visible":[153],"measurable":[156],"could":[157],"correlated":[159],"into":[160],"unified":[162],"picture":[163],"living":[166,301],"cell.Tissue":[167],"fractionation":[168,179],"provided":[169],"indispensable":[171],"link":[172],".Like":[173],"important":[175],"tissue":[178,292],"owes":[180],"its":[181,265,275],"vision":[185],"effort":[187],"few":[190],"innovators":[191],".It":[192],"is,":[193],"however,":[194],"very":[195,313],"far":[196],"from":[197,218,315],"being":[198,327],"monolithic":[200],"construction,":[201],"built":[202],"according":[203],"carefully":[205],"conceived":[206],"plans.Rather":[207],"it":[208],"has":[209],"arisen":[210],"somewhat":[213],"haphazard":[214],"untidy":[216],"fashion":[217],"meshing":[220],"together,":[221],"sometimes":[222,224],"intended,":[223],"accidental,":[225],"remarkable":[228],"diversity":[229],"interests.Physical":[231],"chemists,":[232],"engineers,":[233],"biochemists,":[234],"virologists,":[235],"molecular":[236],"biologists,":[237],"all":[239],"had":[240],"their":[241],"input,":[242],"addition":[244],"cytologists":[247],"themselves.Their":[248],"combined":[249],"contributions":[250],"produced":[252],"vigorous":[254],"highly":[256],"successful":[257],"hybrid,":[258],"which":[259],"nevertheless":[260],"still":[261,339],"betrays":[262],"traces":[263],"mixed":[266],"parentage":[267],"uncertainties":[270],"surround":[272],"some":[273],"concepts":[276],"applications.Part":[278],"haziness":[281],"is":[282,312,338],"due":[283],"also":[284],"nature":[287],"object":[290],"fractionation.Any":[293],"reductionist":[294],"approach":[295],"complexity":[298],"must":[303],"perforce":[304],"proceed":[305],"successive":[307],"approximation.This":[308],"kind":[309],"progress":[311],"apparent":[314],"crude":[317],"fractionations":[318],"yesteryear":[320],"sophisticated":[323],"dissections":[324],"are":[326],"carried":[328],"out":[329],"laboratories":[332],"today.Clearly,":[333],"process":[335],"growth":[337],"con-":[340]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
