{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149359396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","title":"First-order versus second-order single-layer recurrent neural networks","display_name":"First-order versus second-order single-layer recurrent neural networks","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149359396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","mag":"2149359396","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18267822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.286928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047650583","display_name":"Mark W. Goudreau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.W. Goudreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton Univ., NJ","Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","Princeton University, NEC Research Institute, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton Univ., NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, NEC Research Institute, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001294898","display_name":"Clyde Lee Giles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-585X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-585X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.L. Giles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","NEC Research Institute, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Research Institute, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042424184","display_name":"Srimat Chakradhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3530-3901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3530-3901"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.T. Chakradhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["C&CRL, NEC USA, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C&CRL, NEC USA, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland - College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland - College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95733156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"511","last_page":"513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.060100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-of-representation","display_name":"power of representation","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-splitting","display_name":"state splitting","score":0.8460000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.6464244723320007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.635407567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.62269526720047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6199360489845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5721966624259949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987642246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452196","display_name":"First order","level":2,"score":0.5178552269935608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5124881267547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.4493761360645294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.42370089888572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42184627056121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4163578748703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38743364810943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3752692639827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24204552173614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.21258845925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0758504569530487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.286928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.286928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18267822","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18267822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.51.5613","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.5613","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.neci.nj.nec.com/homepages/giles/papers/IEEE.TNN.1st-vs-2nd.order.rnn.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973756824","https://openalex.org/W1982370770","https://openalex.org/W2067619114","https://openalex.org/W2071906671","https://openalex.org/W2072160811","https://openalex.org/W2105727046","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2122625836","https://openalex.org/W2156960699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097149824","https://openalex.org/W2242785489","https://openalex.org/W1976453110","https://openalex.org/W2156960699","https://openalex.org/W2133688510","https://openalex.org/W1971209221","https://openalex.org/W2069759010","https://openalex.org/W1982370770","https://openalex.org/W2465689145","https://openalex.org/W1966736977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17],"examine":[1],"the":[2,33],"representational":[3],"capabilities":[4],"of":[5,41,71,77],"first-order":[6,29,34,82],"and":[7],"second-order":[8,21],"single-layer":[9],"recurrent":[10],"neural":[11],"networks":[12],"(SLRNN's)":[13],"with":[14,38],"hard-limiting":[15],"neurons.":[16],"show":[18],"that":[19],"a":[20,28,57],"SLRNN":[22,35],"is":[23,36,54,59,62],"strictly":[24],"more":[25],"powerful":[26],"than":[27],"SLRNN.":[30],"However,":[31],"if":[32,52],"augmented":[37,81],"output":[39],"layers":[40],"feedforward":[42],"neurons,":[43],"it":[44,61],"can":[45],"implement":[46],"any":[47],"finite-state":[48,78],"recognizer,":[49],"but":[50],"only":[51],"state-splitting":[53,72],"employed.":[55],"When":[56],"state":[58],"split,":[60],"divided":[63],"into":[64],"two":[65],"equivalent":[66],"states.":[67],"The":[68],"judicious":[69],"use":[70],"allows":[73],"for":[74],"efficient":[75],"implementation":[76],"recognizers":[79],"using":[80],"SLRNN's.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}