{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149354014","doi":null,"title":"THE CONCEPT OF REINFORCEMENT: EXPLANATORY OR DESCRIPTIVE?","display_name":"THE CONCEPT OF REINFORCEMENT: EXPLANATORY OR DESCRIPTIVE?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149354014","mag":"2149354014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2149354014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085899898","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Tonneau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-693X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-693X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193181351","display_name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/043xj7k26","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Tonneau","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Guadalajara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Guadalajara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085899898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31551499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.45969998836517334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.45969998836517334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.4016000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.12489999830722809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-reinforcement","display_name":"operant reinforcement","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-explanation","display_name":"scientific explanation","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-analysis","display_name":"behavior analysis","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-psychology","display_name":"history of psychology","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.9197031259536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5424078702926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5098780393600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.5013039112091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4539312422275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3266298174858093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18101468682289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.14183270931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11070957779884338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10487428307533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.05979087948799133}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2149354014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44398076","https://openalex.org/W125455130","https://openalex.org/W160461043","https://openalex.org/W575143595","https://openalex.org/W595648667","https://openalex.org/W602570636","https://openalex.org/W1087111498","https://openalex.org/W1514621373","https://openalex.org/W1719919299","https://openalex.org/W1747299974","https://openalex.org/W1935633480","https://openalex.org/W1983870751","https://openalex.org/W1986328863","https://openalex.org/W1989551670","https://openalex.org/W1996847178","https://openalex.org/W1999209810","https://openalex.org/W2006246114","https://openalex.org/W2021368838","https://openalex.org/W2022870929","https://openalex.org/W2034426409","https://openalex.org/W2040993038","https://openalex.org/W2057380658","https://openalex.org/W2057696588","https://openalex.org/W2061454506","https://openalex.org/W2078024182","https://openalex.org/W2080618944","https://openalex.org/W2085317013","https://openalex.org/W2091695392","https://openalex.org/W2106871905","https://openalex.org/W2116508289","https://openalex.org/W2135547275","https://openalex.org/W2153880390","https://openalex.org/W2318466108","https://openalex.org/W2329912837","https://openalex.org/W2461959498","https://openalex.org/W2523241170","https://openalex.org/W2730824158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461959498","https://openalex.org/W2616288544","https://openalex.org/W2167065769","https://openalex.org/W2058330179","https://openalex.org/W2323490418","https://openalex.org/W4248065383","https://openalex.org/W2168686514","https://openalex.org/W1087111498","https://openalex.org/W1976966431","https://openalex.org/W2036189058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57],"history":[1],"of":[2,11,25,39,59,62,74,87,110,115],"psychology":[3],"has":[4,65],"seen":[5],"recurrent":[6],"controversies":[7,105],"on":[8],"the":[9,23,37,60,85,108,113],"circularity":[10,61],"reinforcement":[12,27,40,48,63,117,124],"explanations,":[13],"and":[14,96,121,123],"behavior":[15,33],"analysts":[16],"disagree":[17],"among":[18],"themselves":[19],"as":[20],"to":[21],"whether":[22],"concept":[24,38,114],"operant":[26,116],"is":[28,41,118],"explanatory":[29],"or":[30],"descriptive.":[31],"Some":[32],"theorists":[34],"argue":[35,83],"that":[36,47,73,84,97],"merely":[42],"descriptive,":[43],"whereas":[44],"others":[45],"maintain":[46],"explanations":[49,125],"are":[50,55,102,126],"acceptable":[51],"provided":[52],"extra":[53],"precautions":[54],"taken.":[56],"issue":[58,86],"also":[64],"become":[66],"embroiled":[67],"in":[68],"a":[69,77],"more":[70],"general":[71],"problem,":[72],"understanding":[75],"what":[76],"scientific":[78,89,111],"explanation":[79,90],"is.":[80],"Here":[81],"I":[82],"demarcating":[88],"from":[91],"description":[92],"takes":[93],"two":[94,100],"forms,":[95],"once":[98],"these":[99],"forms":[101],"distinguished":[103],"most":[104],"vanish.":[106],"Like":[107],"majority":[109],"concepts,":[112],"both":[119],"descriptive":[120],"explanatory,":[122],"never":[127],"circular.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
