{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149282231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","title":"The Use of Multiple Informants in Public Administration Research: Data Aggregation Using Organizational Echelons","display_name":"The Use of Multiple Informants in Public Administration Research: Data Aggregation Using Organizational Echelons","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149282231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","mag":"2149282231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jopart/mun017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169433491","display_name":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory","issn_l":"1053-1858","issn":["1053-1858","1477-9803"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072543714","display_name":"Gareth Enticott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-9597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-9597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Enticott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035135766","display_name":"George A. Boyne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. A. Boyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046930270","display_name":"Richard M. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-1814","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-1814"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4029,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4029},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.0643,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99225301,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"229","last_page":"253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.0364999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12926","display_name":"Business Strategies and Management Research","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregation","display_name":"data aggregation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-survey","display_name":"elite survey","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-measurement","display_name":"organizational measurement","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-management-research","display_name":"public management research","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-and-validity","display_name":"reliability and validity","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-structure","display_name":"organizational structure","score":0.34200000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6319829821586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.5980932712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5487422347068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.45177051424980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.4443683922290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.37167274951934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3357282876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3342941701412201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3181975185871124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.310046911239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29433995485305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.24257132411003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1464187502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1347334384918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13194170594215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11304694414138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09405314922332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jopart/mun017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169433491","display_name":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory","issn_l":"1053-1858","issn":["1053-1858","1477-9803"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/60935","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/60935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jpart:19/2/229","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jpart.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/19/2/229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8264948400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/D002567/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495639517","https://openalex.org/W1974453201","https://openalex.org/W1975294000","https://openalex.org/W1975397989","https://openalex.org/W1979870052","https://openalex.org/W1984200947","https://openalex.org/W1992721315","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1996339572","https://openalex.org/W2001125311","https://openalex.org/W2009024125","https://openalex.org/W2011203092","https://openalex.org/W2016294741","https://openalex.org/W2020778159","https://openalex.org/W2037913841","https://openalex.org/W2046004785","https://openalex.org/W2051181580","https://openalex.org/W2058599614","https://openalex.org/W2058869603","https://openalex.org/W2059153507","https://openalex.org/W2062115329","https://openalex.org/W2065458593","https://openalex.org/W2067868909","https://openalex.org/W2078670273","https://openalex.org/W2081016106","https://openalex.org/W2086740044","https://openalex.org/W2090718576","https://openalex.org/W2091026439","https://openalex.org/W2100576780","https://openalex.org/W2114412976","https://openalex.org/W2122181764","https://openalex.org/W2123473732","https://openalex.org/W2124210013","https://openalex.org/W2126186544","https://openalex.org/W2135912248","https://openalex.org/W2137985257","https://openalex.org/W2138480631","https://openalex.org/W2141496920","https://openalex.org/W2144654898","https://openalex.org/W2150238850","https://openalex.org/W2166813111","https://openalex.org/W2312288734","https://openalex.org/W2330249940","https://openalex.org/W2976425850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3152883349","https://openalex.org/W1976123198","https://openalex.org/W7100776832","https://openalex.org/W2129125487","https://openalex.org/W2138480631","https://openalex.org/W7098958244","https://openalex.org/W2430023066","https://openalex.org/W7020084479","https://openalex.org/W2335398654","https://openalex.org/W2484779185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surveys":[0],"are":[1,13],"an":[2],"important":[3],"methodological":[4,18],"tool":[5],"in":[6,35,52],"public":[7,83],"management":[8,84],"research.":[9,85],"Multiple":[10],"informant":[11,38,60,117],"surveys":[12,22,39,94,118],"held":[14],"to":[15,66,122],"have":[16],"considerable":[17],"advantages":[19],"over":[20],"elite":[21,93],"(the":[23],"practice":[24],"of":[25,48,58,76,79,98,115,128],"surveying":[26],"a":[27,31,42,101],"top":[28],"manager,":[29],"e.g.,":[30],"chief":[32],"executive).":[33],"Although":[34],"principle":[36],"multiple":[37,59,116],"can":[40],"provide":[41,123],"more":[43],"accurate":[44],"organizational":[45,68,129],"picture,":[46],"problems":[47],"data":[49,80,119],"aggregation":[50,81],"arise":[51],"practice.":[53],"To":[54],"promote":[55],"better":[56],"use":[57],"surveys,":[61],"this":[62],"article":[63],"reviews":[64],"approaches":[65],"aggregating":[67],"data.":[69],"It":[70],"provides":[71],"the":[72],"first":[73],"empirical":[74,113],"test":[75],"echelon":[77,91],"methods":[78],"for":[82],"We":[86],"find":[87],"significant":[88],"differences":[89],"between":[90],"aggregations,":[92],"and":[95,112,125],"unstandardized":[96],"forms":[97],"aggregations":[99],"(e.g.,":[100],"simple":[102],"mean).":[103],"These":[104],"results":[105],"support":[106],"our":[107],"argument":[108],"that":[109],"careful":[110],"theoretical":[111],"analysis":[114],"is":[120],"required":[121],"valid":[124],"reliable":[126],"measures":[127],"properties.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
