{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148916352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","title":"Globalization and the Concept of the Second City","display_name":"Globalization and the Concept of the Second City","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148916352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","mag":"2148916352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161221444","display_name":"City and Community","issn_l":"1535-6841","issn":["1535-6841","1540-6040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"City & Community","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067600889","display_name":"Jerome I. Hodos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173146385","display_name":"Franklin & Marshall College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fp4ps48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173146385"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jerome Hodos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Franklin & Marshall College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Franklin & Marshall College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173146385"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067600889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173146385"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91071708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"315","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10239","display_name":"Urban Planning and Governance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11858","display_name":"Urban Development and Societal Issues","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-city","display_name":"second cities","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-hierarchy","display_name":"urban hierarchy","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-cities","display_name":"global cities","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-migration","display_name":"international migration","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-ideology","display_name":"political ideology","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-culture","display_name":"expert culture","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-infrastructure","display_name":"transport infrastructure","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-identity","display_name":"urban identity","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philadelphia","display_name":"Philadelphia","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manchester","display_name":"Manchester","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/20th-century","display_name":"20th century","score":0.9179999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.7353264093399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.7284269332885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.7090848684310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6628058552742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778988318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208511","display_name":"Global city","level":2,"score":0.6386387348175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780207250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900124","display_name":"Urban hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.6256005167961121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5788485407829285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.570446789264679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5393564105033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.4188273847103119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4171420931816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.4159509837627411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36977213621139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.36318379640579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35747531056404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1694554090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14718928933143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.08352848887443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00230.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161221444","display_name":"City and Community","issn_l":"1535-6841","issn":["1535-6841","1540-6040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"City & Community","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306119","display_name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","ror":"https://ror.org/014a5gx79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18046954","https://openalex.org/W141470329","https://openalex.org/W387321260","https://openalex.org/W387621007","https://openalex.org/W578205419","https://openalex.org/W633668504","https://openalex.org/W649009683","https://openalex.org/W654004430","https://openalex.org/W1511017138","https://openalex.org/W1575956721","https://openalex.org/W1597549215","https://openalex.org/W1732813117","https://openalex.org/W1944947421","https://openalex.org/W1967084136","https://openalex.org/W1991464629","https://openalex.org/W2009046787","https://openalex.org/W2013208240","https://openalex.org/W2016273125","https://openalex.org/W2020979370","https://openalex.org/W2045581606","https://openalex.org/W2064073810","https://openalex.org/W2075779529","https://openalex.org/W2084809978","https://openalex.org/W2092148802","https://openalex.org/W2093139691","https://openalex.org/W2093576902","https://openalex.org/W2144355446","https://openalex.org/W2144964951","https://openalex.org/W2324289495","https://openalex.org/W2325264970","https://openalex.org/W2482501668","https://openalex.org/W2502313167","https://openalex.org/W2562994326","https://openalex.org/W2964133195","https://openalex.org/W4230685976","https://openalex.org/W4230704092","https://openalex.org/W4232680856","https://openalex.org/W4249118654","https://openalex.org/W4252295029","https://openalex.org/W4255147670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W62367767","https://openalex.org/W2301746601","https://openalex.org/W1555342650","https://openalex.org/W273740643","https://openalex.org/W2260366829","https://openalex.org/W2287509760","https://openalex.org/W2364424904","https://openalex.org/W1989895159","https://openalex.org/W2187589851","https://openalex.org/W2905174930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Globalization":[0],"is":[1,61,115,128],"fundamentally":[2],"reorienting":[3],"how":[4],"cities":[5,35],"are":[6],"connected":[7],"to":[8,92],"one":[9],"another":[10],"through":[11],"trade,":[12],"migration,":[13],"communication,":[14],"and":[15,83,104,132,139],"representation.":[16],"Whereas":[17],"most":[18],"existing":[19],"research":[20],"has":[21],"concentrated":[22],"on":[23],"unambiguously":[24],"global":[25,55,102],"cities,":[26],"in":[27,38,69,80],"this":[28],"paper":[29,114],"I":[30,42],"discuss":[31],"the":[32,39,64,97,105,118,137],"positions":[33],"of":[34,54,78,109],"lower":[36],"down":[37],"urban":[40],"hierarchy.":[41],"argue":[43],"that":[44,95],"\u201csecond":[45],"cities\u201d":[46],"constitute":[47],"a":[48,72,76,86,110],"type":[49],"characterized":[50],"by":[51,63],"distinct":[52],"patterns":[53],"integration.":[56],"This":[57],"second":[58],"city":[59,98],"pattern":[60],"constituted":[62],"following:":[65],"globally":[66],"active":[67],"firms":[68],"nonfinancial":[70],"industries;":[71],"common":[73,87],"migration":[74],"pattern;":[75],"tradition":[77],"innovation":[79],"political":[81],"ideologies":[82],"professional/expert":[84],"cultures;":[85],"historical":[88],"trajectory":[89],"due":[90],"largely":[91],"transportation":[93],"projects":[94],"integrate":[96],"more":[99],"deeply":[100],"into":[101],"flows;":[103],"growth":[106],"over":[107],"time":[108],"second\u2013city":[111],"identity.":[112],"The":[113],"primarily":[116],"theoretical;":[117],"empirical":[119],"background,":[120],"from":[121],"which":[122],"some":[123],"examples":[124],"will":[125],"be":[126],"drawn,":[127],"Philadelphia":[129],"(United":[130,134],"States)":[131],"Manchester":[133],"Kingdom),":[135],"across":[136],"nineteenth":[138],"twentieth":[140],"centuries.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}