{"id":"https://openalex.org/W21487338","doi":null,"title":"The increasing burden of tuberculosis in rural South Africa--impact of the HIV epidemic.","display_name":"The increasing burden of tuberculosis in rural South Africa--impact of the HIV epidemic.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W21487338","mag":"21487338","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9254788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:9254788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9254788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061667057","display_name":"David Wilkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-3540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-3540","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-2706","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-9846","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9954-7367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Wilkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085271816","display_name":"Geraint Davies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-490X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-490X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G R Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95565276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":"4","first_page":"447","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13586","display_name":"HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-incidence","display_name":"tuberculosis incidence","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-south-africa","display_name":"rural South Africa","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kwazulu-natal","display_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculous-pleurisy","display_name":"pleural tuberculosis","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-positive-pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"smear-positive tuberculosis","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attributable-fraction","display_name":"attributable fraction","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-control","display_name":"tuberculosis control","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9469200968742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.9322500228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5799413323402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.4961126744747162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.4696684777736664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.46639153361320496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4402661919593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4217304289340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4037293791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.38467442989349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.33494076132774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3128971457481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.271126925945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09157887101173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012423","descriptor_name":"Rural Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013019","descriptor_name":"South Africa","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015528","descriptor_name":"HIV Seroprevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017088","descriptor_name":"AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017677","descriptor_name":"Age Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017678","descriptor_name":"Sex Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:9254788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9254788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:21487338","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9254788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972105764","https://openalex.org/W1973704949","https://openalex.org/W1975265153","https://openalex.org/W1977370554","https://openalex.org/W1977995451","https://openalex.org/W1983467284","https://openalex.org/W2002379387","https://openalex.org/W2004643661","https://openalex.org/W2008554230","https://openalex.org/W2033680298","https://openalex.org/W2056913075","https://openalex.org/W2068100937","https://openalex.org/W2068779395","https://openalex.org/W2128535483","https://openalex.org/W2151081020","https://openalex.org/W2154763327","https://openalex.org/W2161937920","https://openalex.org/W2233259956","https://openalex.org/W4253140586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W73726370","https://openalex.org/W1958486640","https://openalex.org/W2059020647","https://openalex.org/W2780742249","https://openalex.org/W2002551813","https://openalex.org/W1984168217","https://openalex.org/W1997650866","https://openalex.org/W2049528076","https://openalex.org/W13556837","https://openalex.org/W247443941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,6,29,33,48,57,72,160],"impact":[4],"of":[5,41,50,59,86,100,131,162,181],"HIV":[7,51,60,144,167],"epidemic":[8],"on":[9],"tuberculosis":[10,30,43,54,74,101,127,149,163,183],"caseload":[11,75],"in":[12,53,62,89,93,105,109,133,137,146,153,157,176,187],"rural":[13,188],"South":[14,189],"Africa.":[15],"SETTING:":[16],"Hlabisa":[17],"health":[18],"district,":[19],"KwaZulu-Natal.":[20],"METHODS:":[21],"Demographic":[22],"and":[23,56,70,91,125,135,159,191],"clinical":[24],"data":[25],"were":[26],"extracted":[27],"from":[28,47,77,103,118,151],"database":[31],"for":[32,84,129],"period,":[34],"May":[35],"1991-June":[36],"1995.":[37,110,177],"The":[38,98,111,142,179],"attributable":[39,165],"fraction":[40],"HIV-infected":[42],"cases":[44,55,164],"was":[45,169],"estimated":[46,170],"prevalence":[49,58,145],"infection":[52,61,168],"women":[63],"attending":[64],"antenatal":[65],"clinics.":[66],"RESULTS:":[67],"Between":[68],"1991":[69,134,154],"1995,":[71,158],"annual":[73],"increased":[76,102,150],"301":[78],"to":[79,107,120,155,166,171,199,204],"839":[80],"cases.":[81],"Tuberculosis":[82],"accounted":[83,128],"4.7%":[85],"all":[87],"admissions":[88],"1989":[90],"8.3%":[92],"1995":[94,138],"(P":[95,122,139],"<":[96],"0.0001).":[97],"incidence":[99],"154/100,000":[104],"1991,":[106],"413/100,000":[108],"proportion":[112,161],"with":[113,148,206],"smear-positive":[114],"pulmonary":[115],"disease":[116,132],"fell":[117],"65%":[119],"56%":[121],"=":[123,140],"0.04),":[124],"pleural":[126],"7.5%":[130],"18%":[136],"0.002).":[141],"minimum":[143],"patients":[147],"8.7%":[152],"28.3%":[156],"be":[172,202],"at":[173],"least":[174],"44%":[175],"CONCLUSION:":[178],"burden":[180],"HIV-related":[182],"is":[184,192],"increasing":[185],"rapidly":[186],"Africa":[190],"exerting":[193],"a":[194],"negative":[195],"impact.":[196],"Innovative":[197],"approaches":[198],"control":[200],"will":[201],"needed":[203],"cope":[205],"it":[207],"effectively.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
