{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148714729","doi":null,"title":"A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California Part 2: Policy Analysis","display_name":"A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California Part 2: Policy Analysis","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148714729","mag":"2148714729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8ng2h3x7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102047876","display_name":"Alexander E. Farrell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander E. Farrell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022663599","display_name":"Daniel Sperling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-7651"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sperling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.01600000075995922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbon-fuel-standard","display_name":"Low Carbon Fuel Standard","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california-climate-policy","display_name":"California climate policy","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reduction","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions reduction","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-regulation","display_name":"fuel regulation","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-design","display_name":"policy design","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-fuels","display_name":"renewable fuels","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofuels","display_name":"biofuels","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-policy","display_name":"energy policy","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-consultation","display_name":"stakeholder consultation","score":0.8209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.7331469058990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.6541872024536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6523607969284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5617527365684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.5261200070381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.472270131111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24264103174209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.213657408952713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21079564094543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15656664967536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12548524141311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":14,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8ng2h3x7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8xv635dc","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt1hm6k089","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1hm6k089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8ng2h3x7","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt1hm6k089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Farrell, Alexander E.; Sperling, Daniel; Brandt, A.R.; Eggert, A.; Farrell, A.E.; Haya, B.K.; \u00c2\u00a0et al.(2007). A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California Part 2: Policy Analysis. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center. UC Berkeley: UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt8xv635dc","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Farrell, Alexander; &amp; Sperling, Daniel. (2007). A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California, Part 2: Policy Analysis. Institute of Transportation Studies. UC Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies (UCD). Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3125894115","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cdlitsrrp/qt1hm6k089.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsdav:1370119","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsdav:420175","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:332136","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8xv635dc","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv635dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt8ng2h3x7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Farrell, Alexander E.; &amp; Sperling, Dan. (2007). A Low-Carbon Fuel Standard for California, Part 2: Policy Analysis. Institute of Transportation Studies. UC Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies (UCD). Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng2h3x7","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2148714729","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt1hm6k089/qt1hm6k089.pdf?t=krnjuc","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1hm6k089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hm6k089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308016","display_name":"California Air Resources Board","ror":"https://ror.org/021h56y19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308020","display_name":"California Energy Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05eaakg28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148714729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148714729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77115383","https://openalex.org/W208849816","https://openalex.org/W584513213","https://openalex.org/W633160752","https://openalex.org/W1480402775","https://openalex.org/W1487340636","https://openalex.org/W1508648238","https://openalex.org/W1542673335","https://openalex.org/W1966587120","https://openalex.org/W1968625904","https://openalex.org/W1979780609","https://openalex.org/W1986647983","https://openalex.org/W2006870691","https://openalex.org/W2009021545","https://openalex.org/W2021252375","https://openalex.org/W2030102123","https://openalex.org/W2030283239","https://openalex.org/W2034532757","https://openalex.org/W2039077222","https://openalex.org/W2039904971","https://openalex.org/W2040729350","https://openalex.org/W2070179443","https://openalex.org/W2074059718","https://openalex.org/W2075404352","https://openalex.org/W2077135585","https://openalex.org/W2077179818","https://openalex.org/W2080308899","https://openalex.org/W2086627245","https://openalex.org/W2095711508","https://openalex.org/W2097054682","https://openalex.org/W2101774248","https://openalex.org/W2106875248","https://openalex.org/W2111415265","https://openalex.org/W2122566796","https://openalex.org/W2140666999","https://openalex.org/W2141086801","https://openalex.org/W2151591277","https://openalex.org/W2165502218","https://openalex.org/W2168171696","https://openalex.org/W2175269331","https://openalex.org/W2186328726","https://openalex.org/W2268124356","https://openalex.org/W2288816664","https://openalex.org/W2475299719","https://openalex.org/W3011497238","https://openalex.org/W3094331896","https://openalex.org/W3124610089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832423343","https://openalex.org/W1985176881","https://openalex.org/W1518631755","https://openalex.org/W6981893711","https://openalex.org/W2008936689","https://openalex.org/W1989726531","https://openalex.org/W4411233490","https://openalex.org/W2034171235","https://openalex.org/W2506522174","https://openalex.org/W3162509459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,130,190,198,227,293,445,735,805],"Low":[1],"Carbon":[2],"Fuel":[3],"Standard":[4],"(LCFS)":[5],"can":[6,26,456,615],"play":[7],"a":[8,45,69,163,240,263,339,452,478,738,808],"major":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,19,49,54,59,120,154,161,179,366,421,424,527,531,542,565,648,708,774,827],"reducing":[12,742],"greenhouse":[13,203,613,651,661,747],"gas":[14,204,652,662],"emissions":[15,206,663,798],"and":[16,81,143,152,172,218,224,248,271,302,325,353,397,428,434,482,518,520,549,587,636,668,728,768,790,825],"stimulating":[17],"improvements":[18,357],"transportation":[20,57,209,231,441,814],"fuel":[21,166,758],"technologies":[22,73],"so":[23,355],"that":[24,74,83,215,233,256,284,307,356,415,609,718,751],"California":[25,60,137],"meet":[27,76],"its":[28],"climate":[29,331,388,501],"policy":[30,99],"goals.":[31,333,390],"In":[32,90,504],"Part":[33,91],"1":[34],"of":[35,43,56,71,96,174,182,229,273,322,329,381,392,400,484,535,560,568,575,582,612,654,679,725,746,765,813],"this":[36,79,104,374,411,550,726,811],"study":[37],"we":[38,93,115,192,413],"evaluated":[39],"the":[40,50,84,97,112,121,136,156,208,213,246,249,268,291,300,320,323,327,335,379,386,393,416,425,467,474,493,506,532,536,547,561,566,569,572,597,709,716,743,763,770,819],"technical":[41],"feasibility":[42],"achieving":[44],"10":[46],"percent":[47],"reduction":[48],"carbon":[51,165,311,422,440,776,797],"intensity":[52,423],"(measured":[53],"gCO2e/MJ)":[55],"fuels":[58,217,232,259,312,442,767,800],"by":[61,186,290,555],"2020.":[62],"We":[63],"identified":[64],"six":[65],"scenarios":[66],"based":[67,110],"on":[68,111,262,359,690],"variety":[70],"different":[72,128],"could":[75],"or":[77,693,699],"exceed":[78],"goal,":[80],"concluded":[82],"goal":[85],"was":[86],"ambitious":[87,105],"but":[88],"attainable.":[89],"2,":[92],"examine":[94],"many":[95,127,157,820],"specific":[98,170],"issues":[100,159,526,564],"needed":[101,383,541],"to":[102,118,134,200,245,254,282,298,313,319,326,346,361,384,443,460,470,488,544,580,596,599,622,659,665,810,830],"achieve":[103],"target.":[106],"Our":[107],"recommendations":[108,131],"are":[109,132,276,590,620,658,681,752],"best":[113],"information":[114],"were":[116],"able":[117],"gather":[119],"time":[122],"available,":[123],"including":[124,783],"consultation":[125],"with":[126,477,499,524,715],"stakeholders.":[129],"intended":[133],"assist":[135],"Air":[138],"Resources":[139],"Board,":[140],"Energy":[141],"Commission,":[142,146],"Public":[144],"Utility":[145],"as":[147,149,432,451,515,633,816,818],"well":[148,817],"private":[150],"organizations":[151],"individuals,":[153],"addressing":[155],"complex":[158],"involved":[160],"designing":[162],"low":[164,310,439],"standard.":[167],"Choices":[168],"about":[169],"policies":[171],"calculation":[173],"numeric":[175],"values":[176],"for":[177,480,511,603,741],"use":[178,577,642,674,702],"regulation":[180,272],"must,":[181],"course,":[183],"be":[184,288,296,449,497,522,540,553,616,685,695,706,733],"made":[185,801],"these":[187,257,274,285,401,525],"regulatory":[188,341],"agencies.":[189],"analysis":[191],"present":[193],"here":[194],"is":[195,252,280,317,571,807],"only":[196],"illustrative.":[197],"need":[199],"significantly":[201],"reduce":[202,299,660],"(GHG)":[205],"from":[207,687,697,754,802],"sector":[210],"opens":[211],"up":[212],"possibility":[214],"new":[216,219,230,258,340,435,601],"vehicles":[220],"may":[221,508,721],"become":[222],"economical":[223],"widely":[225],"used.":[226],"introduction":[228,764],"do":[234],"not":[235,377,448],"require":[236,418],"petroleum":[237],"will":[238,260,287,343,486,539,761],"have":[239,362,509,644,792],"cobenefit:":[241],"reduced":[242,634],"oil":[243,788],"imports":[244],"state":[247,468],"nation.":[250],"It":[251,279,455,760],"important":[253],"note":[255],"compete":[261],"very":[264],"uneven":[265],"playing":[266],"field:":[267],"size,":[269],"organization,":[270],"industries":[275],"radically":[277],"different.":[278],"unreasonable":[281],"think":[283],"differences":[286],"eliminated":[289],"LCFS.":[292],"LCFS":[294,324,394,417,446,475,494,507,570,736,806],"should":[295,447,466,495,521,552,705,732],"designed":[297],"barriers":[301],"disincentives":[303],"facing":[304],"energy":[305,588],"companies":[306],"might":[308],"offer":[309],"consumers.":[314],"Technological":[315],"innovation":[316,382,404,824],"crucial":[318],"success":[321],"achievement":[328],"California\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s":[330],"change":[332,370,389,502,578,703,722],"At":[334],"same":[336],"time,":[337],"imposing":[338],"requirement":[342,476],"cause":[344,628],"markets":[345,589],"shift":[347],"(or":[348],"rationalize)":[349],"their":[350],"existing":[351],"production":[352,594,676],"sales":[354],"appear":[358],"paper":[360],"been":[363,645],"made,":[364],"when":[365,618],"reality":[367],"no":[368],"significant":[369],"has":[371],"occurred.":[372],"Obviously,":[373],"rationalization":[375],"does":[376],"represent":[378],"type":[380],"support":[385],"state\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s":[387],"Implementation":[391],"must":[395],"recognize":[396],"manage":[398],"both":[399],"effects,":[402],"rewarding":[403],"while":[405],"also":[406,496,627],"minimizing":[407],"unproductive":[408],"\u00e2\u20ac\u0153rationalization.\u00e2\u20ac":[409],"For":[410],"reason,":[412],"suggest":[414,608],"modest":[419],"reductions":[420,430],"early":[426],"years,":[427],"steeper":[429],"later":[431],"innovations":[433],"investments":[436,773,826],"bring":[437],"more":[438,623,775],"market.":[444],"seen":[450],"singular":[453],"policy.":[454],"provide":[457],"complementary":[458],"incentives":[459],"an":[461],"economy-wide":[462],"GHG":[463],"emission":[464],"cap,":[465],"choose":[469],"impose":[471],"one.":[472],"Implementing":[473],"provision":[479],"trading":[481],"banking":[483],"credits":[485],"tend":[487],"keep":[489],"costs":[490],"low.":[491],"And":[492],"coordinated":[498],"other":[500,629],"policies.":[503],"addition,":[505],"implications":[510],"broader":[512],"issues,":[513],"such":[514,632],"environmental":[516],"justice":[517],"sustainability,":[519],"implemented":[523],"mind.":[528],"Considerable":[529],"increases":[530],"administrative":[533],"capability":[534,551],"regulating":[537],"agencies":[538],"order":[543],"successfully":[545],"implement":[546],"LCFS,":[548,710],"assisted":[554],"continued":[556],"research":[557,720],"support.":[558],"One":[559],"most":[562],"challenging":[563],"implementation":[567],"climatic":[573],"effect":[574],"land":[576,602,641],"due":[579],"expansion":[581],"biofuel":[583],"production.":[584],"Because":[585],"food":[586],"global,":[591],"all":[592],"agricultural":[593],"contributes":[595],"pressure":[598],"clear":[600],"crops.":[604],"Recent":[605],"scientific":[606],"investigations":[607],"enormous":[610],"amounts":[611],"gases":[614],"released":[617],"lands":[619],"converted":[621],"intensive":[624],"cultivation":[625],"(and":[626],"adverse":[630],"effects":[631,643,704],"biodiversity":[635],"changed":[637],"water":[638],"flows).":[639],"These":[640,780],"largely":[646],"ignored":[647],"earlier":[649],"lifecycle":[650],"assessments":[653],"biofuels.":[655],"If":[656],"biofuels":[657,671],"relative":[664],"fossil-based":[666],"gasoline":[667],"diesel,":[669],"then":[670],"must:":[672],"i)":[673],"advanced":[675],"methods":[677],"(some":[678],"which":[680],"available":[682],"now),":[683],"ii)":[684],"derived":[686],"feedstocks":[688],"grown":[689],"degraded":[691],"land,":[692],"iii)":[694],"produced":[696],"wastes":[698],"residues.":[700],"Land":[701],"included":[707],"though":[711],"cautiously":[712],"at":[713],"first,":[714],"understanding":[717,724],"further":[719],"our":[723],"issue":[727],"therefore":[729],"how":[730],"it":[731],"regulated.":[734],"provides":[737],"durable":[739],"framework":[740],"large":[744],"amount":[745],"gases,":[748],"especially":[749],"CO2,":[750],"emitted":[753],"today\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s":[755],"petroleum-based":[756],"transport":[757,778],"system.":[759],"facilitate":[762],"low-carbon":[766,828],"restrain":[769],"trend":[771],"toward":[772],"intense":[777],"fuels.":[779],"unconventional":[781],"resources,":[782],"heavy":[784],"oil,":[785],"tar":[786],"sands,":[787],"shale":[789],"coal,":[791],"higher,":[793,796],"sometimes":[794],"much":[795],"than":[799],"conventional":[803],"petroleum.":[804,831],"response":[809],"recarbonization":[812],"fuels,":[815],"market":[821],"failures":[822],"blocking":[823],"alternatives":[829]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
