{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148457768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","title":"Estimating incidence of developmental dyslexia in Hong Kong: What differences do different criteria make?","display_name":"Estimating incidence of developmental dyslexia in Hong Kong: What differences do different criteria make?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148457768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","mag":"2148457768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/19404150802093695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171301","display_name":"Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties","issn_l":"1324-8928","issn":["1324-8928","1940-4158","1940-4166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075070960","display_name":"David W. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-3467","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-3467"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David W. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077929175","display_name":"Connie Suk\u2010Han Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-8621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-8621","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0419-8224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connie Suk-han Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong","Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070563392","display_name":"Suk\u2010Man Tsang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800550174","display_name":"Government of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/034179816","country_code":"HK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suk-man Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government","Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government , Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government , Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Suk-han Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800550174","display_name":"Government of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/034179816","country_code":"HK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suk-han Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government","Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government , Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government , Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800550174"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013170116","display_name":"Kevin Kien Hoa Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-7361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-7361","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4732-5211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin K.H. Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology, Counselling, and Learning Needs, Hong Kong Institute of Education","Department of Educational Psychology, Counselling, and Learning Needs, Hong Kong Institute of Education , Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, Counselling, and Learning Needs, Hong Kong Institute of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, Counselling, and Learning Needs, Hong Kong Institute of Education , Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075070960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3959,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8313199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-dyslexia","display_name":"developmental dyslexia","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence","display_name":"incidence","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-criteria","display_name":"diagnostic criteria","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-markers","display_name":"cognitive markers","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-ratio","display_name":"sex ratio","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underreporting","display_name":"underreporting","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-selection-bias","display_name":"self-selection bias","score":0.8420000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.7856505513191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7691559791564941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7030565142631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.6001542806625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778047097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3031","display_name":"Girl","level":2,"score":0.5517180562019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5114611387252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4789186716079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4444032311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.4381021559238434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4301590323448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4183214008808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10675570368766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/19404150802093695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19404150802093695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171301","display_name":"Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties","issn_l":"1324-8928","issn":["1324-8928","1940-4158","1940-4166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliography.ied.edu.hk:20109886xh","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bibliography.ied.edu.hk:8080/washk/detail?channelid=128933&amp;searchword=id=20109886xh","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064274","display_name":"Hong Kong Education Bibliographic Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/60769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/60769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151313629","https://openalex.org/W385134265","https://openalex.org/W609637040","https://openalex.org/W643509138","https://openalex.org/W650828925","https://openalex.org/W1894134410","https://openalex.org/W1966078077","https://openalex.org/W1972453444","https://openalex.org/W1972813133","https://openalex.org/W1977466537","https://openalex.org/W1980410846","https://openalex.org/W1992351390","https://openalex.org/W1997237037","https://openalex.org/W2001115299","https://openalex.org/W2014149338","https://openalex.org/W2020476691","https://openalex.org/W2026980566","https://openalex.org/W2030450891","https://openalex.org/W2031105829","https://openalex.org/W2032295527","https://openalex.org/W2040544803","https://openalex.org/W2040929941","https://openalex.org/W2054851453","https://openalex.org/W2056178014","https://openalex.org/W2084745504","https://openalex.org/W2091035921","https://openalex.org/W2117997072","https://openalex.org/W2129109035","https://openalex.org/W2135258698","https://openalex.org/W2136025603","https://openalex.org/W2139610547","https://openalex.org/W2141522646","https://openalex.org/W2151693384","https://openalex.org/W2152872241","https://openalex.org/W2188931577","https://openalex.org/W2570182068","https://openalex.org/W2911681737","https://openalex.org/W2969477023","https://openalex.org/W3044962879","https://openalex.org/W4236222714","https://openalex.org/W4236243760","https://openalex.org/W4251452379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056178014","https://openalex.org/W3090893828","https://openalex.org/W3148778373","https://openalex.org/W28149031","https://openalex.org/W2989912822","https://openalex.org/W2084745504","https://openalex.org/W2042043116","https://openalex.org/W7117767135","https://openalex.org/W2090473751","https://openalex.org/W2371682332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0],"on":[1,63,147],"the":[2,14,58,80,88,91,96,102,105,109,148,154,161,164],"data":[3,89],"of":[4,8,18,25,39,45,79,90,104,108,113,125,134,153,160,163],"a":[5,42,52,139],"school-referred":[6,92],"sample":[7,103],"Cantonese-speaking":[9],"Chinese":[10,26],"children":[11,27],"who":[12],"met":[13],"Hong":[15,34,65,110],"Kong":[16,35,66,111],"criterion":[17,67],"dyslexia,":[19],"we":[20,94],"estimated":[21],"for":[22],"developmental":[23],"dyslexia":[24],"aged":[28],"between":[29],"6":[30],"and":[31,41,85,119,130,151],"10\u00bd":[32],"in":[33,60,83,87,117,127,144,158],"an":[36,123],"incidence":[37],"rate":[38,129],"0.66%":[40],"gender":[43,132],"ratio":[44,133],"3.29":[46],"boys":[47],"to":[48,136],"1":[49,137],"girl":[50],"over":[51,138],"four-year":[53],"period.":[54,141],"We":[55],"also":[56],"explored":[57],"differences":[59,143],"estimates":[61,145],"based":[62,146],"this":[64],"that":[68],"emphasizes":[69],"cognitive":[70],"markers":[71],"with":[72,98],"more":[73],"conventional":[74],"discrepancy-based":[75],"criteria.":[76],"In":[77],"view":[78],"possible":[81],"biases":[82],"self-selection":[84],"underreporting":[86],"sample,":[93],"compared":[95],"figures":[97],"those":[99],"derived":[100],"from":[101],"normative":[106],"study":[107],"Test":[112],"Specific":[114],"Learning":[115],"Difficulties":[116],"Reading":[118],"Writing,":[120],"which":[121],"yielded":[122],"estimate":[124],"9.7%":[126],"prevalence":[128],"boy-girl":[131],"2":[135],"one-year":[140],"The":[142],"two":[149],"samples":[150],"implications":[152],"findings":[155],"are":[156],"discussed":[157],"light":[159],"limitations":[162],"study.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
