{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148437643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","title":"Why Is There Learning Disabilities? A Critical Analysis of the Birth of the Field in Its Social Context","display_name":"Why Is There Learning Disabilities? A Critical Analysis of the Birth of the Field in Its Social Context","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148437643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","mag":"2148437643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","pdf_url":"https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/download/1261/1289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736787023","display_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"1041-5718","issn":["1041-5718","2159-8371"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316018","host_organization_name":"The Ohio State University Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316018"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Ohio State University Libraries"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943383631","display_name":"Routledge Library Editions: Curriculum"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/download/1261/1289","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050675842","display_name":"Christine E. Sleeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-8149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-8149"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christine Sleeter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050675842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5801,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98366904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"Vol25:210","last_page":"Vol25:237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11003","display_name":"Disability Rights and Representation","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11003","display_name":"Disability Rights and Representation","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.02419999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-learning-disabilities","display_name":"history of learning disabilities","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-construction-of-disability","display_name":"social construction of disability","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-achieving-children","display_name":"low-achieving children","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-class-parents","display_name":"middle-class parents","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-categories","display_name":"disability categories","score":0.3490000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7085671424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.611127495765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6069758534431458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5433841347694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.5321381092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018804484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Low income","level":2,"score":0.5281479358673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.5154110193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47504284977912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47116073966026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.4485185146331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241588","display_name":"Middle class","level":2,"score":0.42252233624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32004815340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.24055412411689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1460556983947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.09394171833992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.08612456917762756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0827258825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0809212327003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","pdf_url":"https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/download/1261/1289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736787023","display_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"1041-5718","issn":["1041-5718","2159-8371"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316018","host_organization_name":"The Ohio State University Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316018"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Ohio State University Libraries"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.4324/9780429453878-284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429453878-284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429453878-284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463855","display_name":"Routledge eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Routledge Library Editions: Curriculum","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i2.1261","pdf_url":"https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/download/1261/1289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736787023","display_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"1041-5718","issn":["1041-5718","2159-8371"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316018","host_organization_name":"The Ohio State University Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316018"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Ohio State University Libraries"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disability Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148437643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148437643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W254106042","https://openalex.org/W272888387","https://openalex.org/W278350034","https://openalex.org/W295856720","https://openalex.org/W370198596","https://openalex.org/W392895439","https://openalex.org/W596112055","https://openalex.org/W1550079975","https://openalex.org/W1580258824","https://openalex.org/W1846878112","https://openalex.org/W1941035809","https://openalex.org/W1976356192","https://openalex.org/W1997795531","https://openalex.org/W2078593419","https://openalex.org/W2079161091","https://openalex.org/W2085595718","https://openalex.org/W2109165802","https://openalex.org/W2114872633","https://openalex.org/W2155214558","https://openalex.org/W2156148499","https://openalex.org/W2212888268","https://openalex.org/W2404559228","https://openalex.org/W2418668760","https://openalex.org/W2577649136","https://openalex.org/W2579677147","https://openalex.org/W2581049352","https://openalex.org/W2735550734","https://openalex.org/W2793613646","https://openalex.org/W2911426371","https://openalex.org/W3162348707","https://openalex.org/W4238130610","https://openalex.org/W4243958086","https://openalex.org/W4299144353","https://openalex.org/W4299641478","https://openalex.org/W6657264906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231168869","https://openalex.org/W1846878112","https://openalex.org/W2119374039","https://openalex.org/W1588410488","https://openalex.org/W2490743383","https://openalex.org/W7099387579","https://openalex.org/W1488873954","https://openalex.org/W6992447823","https://openalex.org/W1985003029","https://openalex.org/W4310493449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"chapter":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,65],"interpretation":[4],"of":[5,9,84,89,101],"why":[6],"the":[7,23,33,99],"category":[8,24,56,78],"learning":[10],"disabilities":[11],"emerged,":[12],"that":[13,17,22,45],"differs":[14],"from":[15,71,86],"interpretations":[16],"currently":[18],"prevail.":[19],"It":[20],"argues":[21],"was":[25,52,57],"created":[26,58],"in":[27,43,64],"response":[28],"to":[29,48,67,117],"social":[30],"conditions":[31],"during":[32],"late":[34],"1950s":[35],"and":[36,74,98,105,112],"early":[37],"1960s":[38],"which":[39],"brought":[40],"about":[41],"changes":[42],"schools":[44],"were":[46],"detrimental":[47],"children":[49,70,81],"whose":[50],"achievement":[51,91],"relatively":[53],"low.":[54],"The":[55,77],"by":[59],"white":[60],"middle":[61],"class":[62],"parents":[63],"effort":[66],"differentiate":[68],"their":[69,80,95,102,114],"low-achieving":[72],"low-income":[73],"minority":[75],"children.":[76],"offered":[79],"a":[82,110],"degree":[83],"protection":[85],"probable":[87],"consequences":[88],"low":[90,124],"because":[92],"it":[93,106],"upheld":[94],"intellectual":[96],"normalcy":[97,100],"home":[103],"backgrounds,":[104],"suggested":[107],"hope":[108],"for":[109,113],"cure":[111],"ability":[115],"eventually":[116],"attain":[118],"higher":[119],"status":[120],"occupations":[121],"than":[122],"other":[123],"achievers.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}