{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148408766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","title":"Turbulent diffusivity in the free atmosphere inferred from MST radar measurements: a review","display_name":"Turbulent diffusivity in the free atmosphere inferred from MST radar measurements: a review","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148408766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","mag":"2148408766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","pdf_url":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/3869/2004/angeo-22-3869-2004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63956823","display_name":"Annales Geophysicae","issn_l":"0992-7689","issn":["0992-7689","1432-0576"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annales Geophysicae","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/3869/2004/angeo-22-3869-2004.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080701577","display_name":"Richard Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1705-0464","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1705-0464","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-7052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405264447","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Pierre-et-Marie-Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/01yvrd251","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4405264447"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Service d\u2019A\u00e9ronomie/IPSL, Universit\u00e9 P. et M. Curie, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Service d\u2019A\u00e9ronomie/IPSL, Universit\u00e9 P. et M. Curie, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405264447"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080701577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405264447"],"apc_list":{"value":1100,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1186},"apc_paid":{"value":1100,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1186},"fwci":0.6324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69364627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"3869","last_page":"3887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-diffusivity","display_name":"eddy diffusivity","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-atmosphere","display_name":"free atmosphere","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mst-radar","display_name":"MST radar","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-width","display_name":"Doppler width","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscattered-power","display_name":"backscattered power","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulent-patches","display_name":"turbulent patches","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence-intermittency","display_name":"turbulence intermittency","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filling-factor","display_name":"filling factor","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-transportation","display_name":"vertical transport","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence-parameterization","display_name":"turbulence parameterization","score":0.5770000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.7791300415992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.6465535163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15476950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854776","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","level":3,"score":0.6446112394332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37668627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381809","display_name":"Thermal diffusivity","level":2,"score":0.6247732043266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150711758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148242","display_name":"K-epsilon turbulence model","level":3,"score":0.5367181897163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4888893663883209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4862188398838043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.480436772108078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4671575129032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104196234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283046","display_name":"Eddy diffusion","level":3,"score":0.45394566655158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23379533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099481","display_name":"Clear-air turbulence","level":3,"score":0.44137176871299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40272584557533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.367877721786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10884341597557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.07394835352897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","pdf_url":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/3869/2004/angeo-22-3869-2004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63956823","display_name":"Annales Geophysicae","issn_l":"0992-7689","issn":["0992-7689","1432-0576"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annales Geophysicae","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.592.5568","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.592.5568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/94/03/PDF/angeo-22-3869-2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00329403v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00329403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annales Geophysicae, 2004, 22 (11), pp.3869-3887","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:248ae75af78945b28219f5921a8971ac","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/248ae75af78945b28219f5921a8971ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annales Geophysicae, Vol 22, Pp 3869-3887 (2004)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004","pdf_url":"https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/3869/2004/angeo-22-3869-2004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63956823","display_name":"Annales Geophysicae","issn_l":"0992-7689","issn":["0992-7689","1432-0576"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annales Geophysicae","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148408766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2148408766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67812752","https://openalex.org/W1500041086","https://openalex.org/W1577900252","https://openalex.org/W1597359858","https://openalex.org/W1646327858","https://openalex.org/W1964723028","https://openalex.org/W1966381805","https://openalex.org/W1972369373","https://openalex.org/W1972686412","https://openalex.org/W1973842927","https://openalex.org/W1975381062","https://openalex.org/W1976006652","https://openalex.org/W1978020451","https://openalex.org/W1979601134","https://openalex.org/W1980137389","https://openalex.org/W1980148121","https://openalex.org/W1982758899","https://openalex.org/W1986007756","https://openalex.org/W1989732094","https://openalex.org/W1990397371","https://openalex.org/W1994136302","https://openalex.org/W1998089382","https://openalex.org/W1999136746","https://openalex.org/W1999304014","https://openalex.org/W2000492127","https://openalex.org/W2003205648","https://openalex.org/W2003694411","https://openalex.org/W2003734212","https://openalex.org/W2005053100","https://openalex.org/W2005548163","https://openalex.org/W2005922940","https://openalex.org/W2007574077","https://openalex.org/W2008852073","https://openalex.org/W2009021059","https://openalex.org/W2011150555","https://openalex.org/W2012145501","https://openalex.org/W2012975449","https://openalex.org/W2016349804","https://openalex.org/W2019938261","https://openalex.org/W2021531586","https://openalex.org/W2022087430","https://openalex.org/W2024930874","https://openalex.org/W2025544603","https://openalex.org/W2025621958","https://openalex.org/W2026430259","https://openalex.org/W2026472335","https://openalex.org/W2031920208","https://openalex.org/W2033186583","https://openalex.org/W2037370638","https://openalex.org/W2037409845","https://openalex.org/W2038818740","https://openalex.org/W2039122884","https://openalex.org/W2040379041","https://openalex.org/W2042648590","https://openalex.org/W2044292923","https://openalex.org/W2051401659","https://openalex.org/W2052173556","https://openalex.org/W2053357120","https://openalex.org/W2053586908","https://openalex.org/W2055993343","https://openalex.org/W2057054333","https://openalex.org/W2060162667","https://openalex.org/W2062844861","https://openalex.org/W2064426298","https://openalex.org/W2068204246","https://openalex.org/W2072615383","https://openalex.org/W2075058776","https://openalex.org/W2076849621","https://openalex.org/W2083242238","https://openalex.org/W2085500450","https://openalex.org/W2086044846","https://openalex.org/W2088100776","https://openalex.org/W2090037109","https://openalex.org/W2090171935","https://openalex.org/W2090204538","https://openalex.org/W2090697826","https://openalex.org/W2091502390","https://openalex.org/W2091649661","https://openalex.org/W2091851886","https://openalex.org/W2091957669","https://openalex.org/W2092149963","https://openalex.org/W2093693047","https://openalex.org/W2096437316","https://openalex.org/W2101585107","https://openalex.org/W2102824990","https://openalex.org/W2104227287","https://openalex.org/W2106162275","https://openalex.org/W2110641291","https://openalex.org/W2127525382","https://openalex.org/W2128254052","https://openalex.org/W2129602274","https://openalex.org/W2129661135","https://openalex.org/W2137890701","https://openalex.org/W2142132314","https://openalex.org/W2142938187","https://openalex.org/W2144311404","https://openalex.org/W2145759306","https://openalex.org/W2154186601","https://openalex.org/W2160375830","https://openalex.org/W2161236007","https://openalex.org/W2165856647","https://openalex.org/W2166531841","https://openalex.org/W2168104897","https://openalex.org/W2168115372","https://openalex.org/W2168679594","https://openalex.org/W2171628960","https://openalex.org/W2172164824","https://openalex.org/W2173272439","https://openalex.org/W2176346484","https://openalex.org/W2176807449","https://openalex.org/W2178189776","https://openalex.org/W2285256805","https://openalex.org/W2743558669","https://openalex.org/W2980756807","https://openalex.org/W2984375387","https://openalex.org/W4235568711","https://openalex.org/W4243894981","https://openalex.org/W4252764542","https://openalex.org/W4255775350","https://openalex.org/W4298011665","https://openalex.org/W6604731121","https://openalex.org/W6605333080","https://openalex.org/W6725344962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099400601","https://openalex.org/W2173759905","https://openalex.org/W2946585856","https://openalex.org/W2034544196","https://openalex.org/W1977578385","https://openalex.org/W2031920208","https://openalex.org/W7034701176","https://openalex.org/W2090204538","https://openalex.org/W1999699844","https://openalex.org/W2012789021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"The":[1,64,85],"actual":[2,196],"impact":[3,197],"on":[4,201],"vertical":[5],"transport":[6,202],"of":[7,21,30,55,88,108,116,151,164,172,182,198,203],"small-scale":[8,199],"turbulence":[9,117,136,155,200],"in":[10,139,189,215],"the":[11,52,71,75,80,96,101,109,148,162,173,183,195],"free":[12],"atmosphere":[13],"is":[14,137,156,187],"still":[15],"a":[16,28,89,153,179],"debated":[17],"issue.":[18],"Numerous":[19],"estimates":[20],"an":[22,212],"eddy":[23],"diffusivity":[24,91,118,150],"exist,":[25],"clearly":[26],"showing":[27],"lack":[29],"consensus.":[31],"MST":[32,132,208],"radars":[33,209],"were,":[34],"and":[35,58,78,125,141,170,193,205],"continue":[36],"to":[37,50,158,191],"be,":[38],"very":[39],"useful":[40],"for":[41,69],"studying":[42],"atmospheric":[43,135],"turbulence,":[44],"as":[45],"radar":[46,121,133],"measurements":[47,122],"allow":[48],"one":[49],"estimate":[51],"dissipation":[53,72,102],"rates":[54,103],"energy":[56,204],"(kinetic":[57],"potential)":[59],"associated":[60],"with":[61,106],"turbulent":[62,97,165,184],"events.":[63],"two":[65],"commonly":[66],"used":[67],"methods":[68,87],"estimating":[70],"rates,":[73],"from":[74,79,120],"backscattered":[76],"power":[77],"Doppler":[81],"width,":[82],"are":[83,104,123],"discussed.":[84],"inference":[86],"local":[90],"(local":[92],"meaning":[93],"here":[94],"\"within\"":[95],"patch)":[98],"by":[99,129],"using":[100],"reviewed,":[105],"some":[107],"uncertainty":[110],"causes":[111],"being":[112],"stressed.":[113],"Climatological":[114],"results":[115],"inferred":[119],"reviewed":[124],"compared.":[126],"As":[127],"revealed":[128],"high":[130],"resolution":[131],"measurements,":[134],"intermittent":[138],"space":[140],"time.":[142],"Recent":[143],"theoretical":[144],"works":[145],"suggest":[146],"that":[147,178,216],"effective":[149],"such":[152],"patchy":[154],"related":[157],"statistical":[159,180],"parameters":[160],"describing":[161],"morphology":[163],"events:":[166],"filling":[167],"factor,":[168],"lifetime":[169],"height":[171],"patches.":[174],"It":[175],"thus":[176],"appears":[177],"description":[181],"patches'":[185],"characteristics":[186],"required":[188],"order":[190],"evaluate":[192],"parameterize":[194],"materials.":[206],"Clearly,":[207],"could":[210],"be":[211],"essential":[213],"tool":[214],"matter.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
