{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148344516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","title":"Is Low Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Associated With Depression?","display_name":"Is Low Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Associated With Depression?","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148344516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","mag":"2148344516","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000970276","display_name":"Reeta M. Rintam\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-5555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-5555"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reeta Hakkarainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. reeta.hakkarainen@ktl.fi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. reeta.hakkarainen@ktl.fi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019420426","display_name":"Timo Partonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1951-2455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1951-2455"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Partonen","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069864713","display_name":"Jari K. Haukka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-6208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-6208"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jari Haukka","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068249093","display_name":"Jarmo R. K. Virtamo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jarmo Virtamo","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027838123","display_name":"Demetrius Albanes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8330-4293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8330-4293"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demetrius Albanes","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065691898","display_name":"Jouko K L\u00f6nnqvist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7214-6672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7214-6672"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouko L\u00f6nnqvist","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.4614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":273,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99772533,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"161","issue":"3","first_page":"567","last_page":"569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10387","display_name":"Fatty Acid Research and Health","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10387","display_name":"Fatty Acid Research and Health","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omega-3-fatty-acids","display_name":"omega-3 fatty acids","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-consumption","display_name":"dietary intake","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide","display_name":"suicide","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-consumption","display_name":"fish consumption","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressed-mood","display_name":"depressive mood","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-aged-men","display_name":"middle-aged men","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrition-and-mental-health","display_name":"diet and mental health","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7052555680274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.6659797430038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5811399221420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018449479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4340209","display_name":"Depressed mood","level":3,"score":0.4327475428581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777134132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188638","display_name":"Mood disorders","level":3,"score":0.43188905715942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.428924024105072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3827529549598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3604980707168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.326602965593338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.23191222548484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.1132303774356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004311","descriptor_name":"Double-Blind Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010343","descriptor_name":"Patient Admission","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015525","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Omega-3","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015930","descriptor_name":"Diet Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14992986","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1026.5839","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1026.5839","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jari_Haukka/publication/5405295_Is_low_dietary_intake_of_omega-3_fatty_acids_associated_with_depression/links/0fcfd50c86a13263e6000000.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.julkari.fi:10024/81663","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/81663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402058","display_name":"STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"A"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1900502813","https://openalex.org/W1986859888","https://openalex.org/W2043652950","https://openalex.org/W2080667948","https://openalex.org/W2084313555","https://openalex.org/W2101019473","https://openalex.org/W2145336951","https://openalex.org/W2150955013","https://openalex.org/W4237426518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098762238","https://openalex.org/W7099325676","https://openalex.org/W2118580347","https://openalex.org/W2165486944","https://openalex.org/W2905029176","https://openalex.org/W2042396510","https://openalex.org/W1976448738","https://openalex.org/W2039898934","https://openalex.org/W2891847648","https://openalex.org/W3179371806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"examined":[3],"the":[4,7,75,93],"association":[5,120],"between":[6,92],"dietary":[8,94],"intake":[9,40,95,113],"of":[10,24,41,96,114],"omega-3":[11,97,115],"fatty":[12,42,98,116],"acids":[13,43,99,117],"and":[14,19,44,80,103],"low":[15,122],"mood,":[16,105],"major":[17,69,106],"depression,":[18],"suicide.":[20,110],"METHOD:":[21],"A":[22],"total":[23],"29,133":[25],"men":[26],"ages":[27],"50":[28],"to":[29,67],"69":[30],"years":[31],"participated":[32],"in":[33,37],"a":[34,50,68],"population-based":[35],"trial":[36],"Finland.":[38],"The":[39],"fish":[45,101],"consumption":[46,102],"were":[47,72,82,89],"calculated":[48],"from":[49,74,84],"diet":[51],"history":[52],"questionnaire.":[53],"Self-reported":[54],"depressed":[55,104],"mood":[56,123],"was":[57],"recorded":[58],"three":[59],"times":[60],"annually,":[61],"data":[62],"on":[63],"hospital":[64],"treatments":[65],"due":[66],"depressive":[70,107],"disorder":[71],"derived":[73],"National":[76],"Hospital":[77],"Discharge":[78],"Register,":[79],"suicides":[81],"identified":[83],"death":[85],"certificates.":[86],"RESULTS:":[87],"There":[88],"no":[90,119],"associations":[91],"or":[100,109],"episodes,":[108],"CONCLUSIONS:":[111],"Dietary":[112],"showed":[118],"with":[121],"level.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}