{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148195885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","title":"Enhancement of shikonin production in single\u2010 and two\u2010phase suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells using low\u2010energy ultrasound","display_name":"Enhancement of shikonin production in single\u2010 and two\u2010phase suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells using low\u2010energy ultrasound","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148195885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","mag":"2148195885","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11857284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/bit.10180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151564723","display_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","issn_l":"0006-3592","issn":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100560676","display_name":"Lidong Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","fax: (852) 23649932","telephone: (852) 27666687"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: (852) 23649932","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"telephone: (852) 27666687","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043802370","display_name":"Jian\u2010Yong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-5686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-5686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianyong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; telephone: (852) 27666687; fax: (852) 23649932","Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","fax: (852) 23649932","telephone: (852) 27666687"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; telephone: (852) 27666687; fax: (852) 23649932","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: (852) 23649932","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"telephone: (852) 27666687","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043802370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":5060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5060},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.209,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87629049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"1","first_page":"81","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10240","display_name":"Plant tissue culture and regeneration","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10240","display_name":"Plant tissue culture and regeneration","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11842","display_name":"Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11663","display_name":"Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shikonin","display_name":"shikonin","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithospermum-erythrorhizon","display_name":"Lithospermum erythrorhizon","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound-stimulation","display_name":"ultrasound stimulation","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-metabolite-production","display_name":"secondary metabolite production","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-cell-suspension-culture","display_name":"plant cell suspension culture","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-phase-culture","display_name":"two-phase culture","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-membrane-permeability","display_name":"cell membrane permeability","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase","display_name":"phenylalanine ammonia-lyase","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-defense-response","display_name":"plant defense response","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777477808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407595","display_name":"Metabolite","level":2,"score":0.7407994866371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777347573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q522244","display_name":"Secondary metabolite","level":3,"score":0.6830500364303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.621220052242279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.5210406184196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.5132319927215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777431362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170545","display_name":"Phenylalanine","level":3,"score":0.4931947588920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104628117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3964828","display_name":"Sonication","level":2,"score":0.4671693742275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413910","display_name":"Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase","level":4,"score":0.45314013957977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553450214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851162","display_name":"Biosynthesis","level":3,"score":0.41339296102523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4086124897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.27912697196006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.24990907311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1962023675441742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.12558794021606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002478","descriptor_name":"Cells, Cultured","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009285","descriptor_name":"Naphthoquinones","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009285","descriptor_name":"Naphthoquinones","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009285","descriptor_name":"Naphthoquinones","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010539","descriptor_name":"Permeability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014465","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D029684","descriptor_name":"Lithospermum","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029684","descriptor_name":"Lithospermum","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029684","descriptor_name":"Lithospermum","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/bit.10180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151564723","display_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","issn_l":"0006-3592","issn":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/bit.10180.abs","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180.abs","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10180.abs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151564723","display_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","issn_l":"0006-3592","issn":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11857284","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11857284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and bioengineering","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/29190","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/29190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130328831","https://openalex.org/W417900552","https://openalex.org/W1964998217","https://openalex.org/W1968286870","https://openalex.org/W1971670242","https://openalex.org/W1972499755","https://openalex.org/W1973268785","https://openalex.org/W1973991493","https://openalex.org/W1977075460","https://openalex.org/W1981953976","https://openalex.org/W2005710280","https://openalex.org/W2010128734","https://openalex.org/W2012833822","https://openalex.org/W2016669033","https://openalex.org/W2021223807","https://openalex.org/W2026311140","https://openalex.org/W2031677504","https://openalex.org/W2035663174","https://openalex.org/W2035900299","https://openalex.org/W2059925042","https://openalex.org/W2061116103","https://openalex.org/W2061302198","https://openalex.org/W2070333142","https://openalex.org/W2073131169","https://openalex.org/W2074608702","https://openalex.org/W2077545872","https://openalex.org/W2083058890","https://openalex.org/W2091683474","https://openalex.org/W2117018028","https://openalex.org/W2178830974","https://openalex.org/W4386780183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049910153","https://openalex.org/W1981958666","https://openalex.org/W2401301533","https://openalex.org/W2993408222","https://openalex.org/W2978511292","https://openalex.org/W2325738133","https://openalex.org/W4301877140","https://openalex.org/W2628752208","https://openalex.org/W7014322084","https://openalex.org/W7135891253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"demonstrates":[2],"the":[3,46,50,58,66,70,84,106,109,122,128,167,186,198,209,216],"use":[4,92],"of":[5,20,49,93,124,142,171,191,201,212,219],"low-energy":[6],"ultrasound":[7],"(US)":[8],"to":[9,26,76,80,118,182,197,215],"enhance":[10],"secondary":[11,168,192],"metabolite":[12,169,193],"production":[13],"in":[14,83,97,121,133,159],"plant":[15,213],"cell":[16,85,153,161],"cultures.":[17],"Suspension":[18],"culture":[19,129],"Lithospermum":[21],"erythrorhizon":[22],"cells":[23,71,202,214],"was":[24,72,113,195],"exposed":[25],"low-power":[27],"US":[28,42,55,94,125,145,189,220],"(power":[29],"density":[30],"<":[31],"or":[32,105],"=":[33],"113.9":[34],"mW/cm(3))":[35],"for":[36,166],"short":[37],"periods":[38],"(1-8":[39],"min).":[40],"The":[41,188],"exposure":[43],"significantly":[44],"stimulated":[45,184],"shikonin":[47,60,67,111,137,143],"biosynthesis":[48,170,194],"cells,":[51,172],"and":[52,96,176,206],"at":[53,146],"certain":[54],"doses,":[56],"increased":[57,73,114],"volumetric":[59,110],"yield":[61,112,138],"by":[62,88,101,185,204],"about":[63],"60%-70%.":[64],"Meanwhile,":[65],"excreted":[68],"from":[69,74],"20%":[75],"65%-70%,":[77],"due":[78],"partially":[79],"an":[81,102],"increase":[82],"membrane":[86],"permeability":[87],"sonication.":[89],"With":[90],"combined":[91],"treatment":[95],"situ":[98],"product":[99],"extraction":[100],"organic":[103],"solvent,":[104],"two-phase":[107],"culture,":[108],"more":[115,207],"than":[116],"two-":[117],"threefold.":[119],"Increasing":[120],"number":[123],"exposures":[126],"during":[127],"process":[130],"usually":[131],"resulted":[132],"negative":[134],"effects":[135],"on":[136],"but":[139],"slight":[140,152],"stimulation":[141,190],"excretion.":[144],"relatively":[147],"high":[148],"energy":[149],"levels":[150],"caused":[151],"growth":[154],"depression":[155],"(maximum":[156],"9%":[157],"decrease":[158],"dry":[160],"weight).":[162],"Two":[163],"key":[164],"enzymes":[165],"phenylalanine":[173],"ammonia":[174],"lyase":[175],"p-hydroxybenzoic":[177],"acid":[178],"geranyltransferase,":[179],"were":[180],"found":[181],"be":[183],"US.":[187],"attributed":[196],"metabolic":[199],"activity":[200],"activated":[203],"US,":[205],"specifically,":[208],"defense":[210],"responses":[211],"mechanical":[217],"stress":[218],"irradiation.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
