{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2147678438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","title":"Quantitative relationships between zidovudine exposure and efficacy and toxicity","display_name":"Quantitative relationships between zidovudine exposure and efficacy and toxicity","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2147678438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","mag":"2147678438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7986002","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/284629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47215897","display_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","issn_l":"0066-4804","issn":["0066-4804","1070-6283","1098-6596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC284629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036512885","display_name":"George L. Drusano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-7332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-7332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260259","display_name":"Albany Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03g66yt05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259726","https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G L Drusano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024249524","display_name":"Frank M. Balis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8117-6926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8117-6926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260259","display_name":"Albany Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03g66yt05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259726","https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F M Balis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027172270","display_name":"Steven R. Gitterman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260259","display_name":"Albany Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03g66yt05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259726","https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S R Gitterman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111412782","display_name":"Philip A. Pizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-6516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-6516"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260259","display_name":"Albany Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03g66yt05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259726","https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P A Pizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albany Medical College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York 12208","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260259"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260259"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2622,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92251485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"8","first_page":"1726","last_page":"1731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zidovudine","display_name":"zidovudine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-patients","display_name":"pediatric patients","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intravenous-infusion","display_name":"intravenous infusion","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-drug-concentration","display_name":"plasma drug concentration","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granulocyte-count","display_name":"granulocyte count","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-toxicity","display_name":"drug toxicity","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacodynamics","display_name":"pharmacodynamics","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780216070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198504","display_name":"Zidovudine","level":4,"score":0.8758724927902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.7385033369064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.5973186492919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.5671044588088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111113717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725307","display_name":"Pharmacodynamics","level":3,"score":0.5663174390792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5447015762329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141341695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368661","display_name":"Surrogate endpoint","level":2,"score":0.5400915741920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4790964424610138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4567315876483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.438004732131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.3070564270019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.2515672445297241}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015215","descriptor_name":"Zidovudine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015215","descriptor_name":"Zidovudine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015215","descriptor_name":"Zidovudine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018791","descriptor_name":"CD4 Lymphocyte Count","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.8.1726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47215897","display_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","issn_l":"0066-4804","issn":["0066-4804","1070-6283","1098-6596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:270335","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC284629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:284629","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/284629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7986002","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7986002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:270335","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC284629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534631834","https://openalex.org/W1544659136","https://openalex.org/W1983112408","https://openalex.org/W1988763067","https://openalex.org/W2009226722","https://openalex.org/W2044074470","https://openalex.org/W2054620412","https://openalex.org/W2063750346","https://openalex.org/W2080314044","https://openalex.org/W2330207218","https://openalex.org/W2333399282","https://openalex.org/W2336515255","https://openalex.org/W2339921515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095989229","https://openalex.org/W2409940765","https://openalex.org/W2045644997","https://openalex.org/W1976699221","https://openalex.org/W1960985498","https://openalex.org/W2079573278","https://openalex.org/W2152460472","https://openalex.org/W1993158981","https://openalex.org/W2970165857","https://openalex.org/W2078358655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"examined":[1],"the":[2,5,30,33,59,66,82,90,134,148,177],"relationship":[3],"between":[4,165],"concentrations":[6,93],"of":[7,26,35,50,61,68,84,92,137,170,180],"zidovudine":[8,85,104],"in":[9,32,45,97],"plasma":[10],"given":[11],"by":[12,29],"continuous":[13],"intravenous":[14],"infusion":[15],"to":[16,58,77,126,152,158,161],"human":[17],"immunodeficiency":[18],"virus-positive":[19],"pediatric":[20],"patients":[21],"and":[22,112,168,173],"a":[23],"surrogate":[24],"marker":[25,146],"outcome":[27],"(measured":[28],"increase":[31],"number":[34,60],"CD4-positive":[36,51,138],"T":[37,52,139],"cells)":[38],"as":[39,41,147],"well":[40],"drug-mediated":[42],"toxicity":[43,174],"(change":[44],"granulocyte":[46,98],"count).":[47],"The":[48,95],"return":[49],"cells":[53,63,140],"was":[54,86,100],"most":[55],"strongly":[56],"related":[57],"these":[62],"present":[64],"at":[65],"start":[67],"therapy.":[69],"Drug":[70],"concentration":[71,105],"data":[72],"added":[73],"little":[74],"explanatory":[75],"power":[76],"this":[78,145],"relationship,":[79],"indicating":[80],"that":[81,121,176],"effect":[83],"near":[87],"maximal":[88,178],"throughout":[89],"range":[91],"examined.":[94],"change":[96],"count":[99],"significantly":[101],"correlated":[102],"with":[103,144],"both":[106,171],"from":[107,113,184],"weeks":[108,114],"1":[109],"through":[110,116],"8":[111,115],"12.":[117],"These":[118],"findings":[119],"imply":[120],"it":[122],"may":[123],"be":[124,153,159],"wise":[125],"stratify":[127],"phase":[128,186],"I":[129,187],"antiretrovirus":[130],"drug":[131,166],"trials":[132],"for":[133],"entry":[135],"level":[136],"if":[141],"pharmacodynamic":[142],"relationships":[143,164],"dependent":[149],"variable":[150],"are":[151],"sought.":[154],"Continued":[155],"efforts":[156],"need":[157],"made":[160],"derive":[162],"quantitative":[163],"exposure":[167],"measures":[169],"efficacy":[172],"so":[175],"amount":[179],"information":[181],"is":[182],"derived":[183],"small":[185],"studies.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}