{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2147491946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","title":"Does an Independent Central Bank Violate Democracy?","display_name":"Does an Independent Central Bank Violate Democracy?","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2147491946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","mag":"2147491946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151404345","display_name":"Journal of Post Keynesian Economics","issn_l":"0160-3477","issn":["0160-3477","1557-7821"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Post Keynesian Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.70768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David A. Levy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David A. Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86043859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"189","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-bank-independence","display_name":"central bank independence","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-policy","display_name":"monetary policy","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-reserve","display_name":"Federal Reserve","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-stability","display_name":"price stability","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency-board","display_name":"currency board","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-amendment","display_name":"constitutional amendment","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-bank-powers","display_name":"central bank powers","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7354223728179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992735868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66344","display_name":"Central bank","level":3,"score":0.6514772176742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6452264785766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.5629112720489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56777670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60224","display_name":"Post-Keynesian economics","level":2,"score":0.43436384201049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.3445659875869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19200199842453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.18073788285255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10634583234786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151404345","display_name":"Journal of Post Keynesian Economics","issn_l":"0160-3477","issn":["0160-3477","1557-7821"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Post Keynesian Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.70768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.70768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.70768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:9811005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/9811/9811005.pdf","pdf_url":"https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/9811/9811005.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:mes:postke:v:18:y:1995:i:2:p:189-210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01603477.1995.11490068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:mes:postke:v:18:y:1996:i:2:p:189-210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/4538486?origin=pubexport","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.70768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.70768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.70768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577783366","https://openalex.org/W1854260920","https://openalex.org/W2504990368","https://openalex.org/W2561994818","https://openalex.org/W2562512968","https://openalex.org/W2904798609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098515844","https://openalex.org/W346937607","https://openalex.org/W7214738558","https://openalex.org/W583629031","https://openalex.org/W4395959165","https://openalex.org/W2899308061","https://openalex.org/W4400510674","https://openalex.org/W7112145913","https://openalex.org/W2982660718","https://openalex.org/W7029665871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,137],"question":[1,66],"of":[2,8,69,80,87,94,145,160],"central":[3,13,26,40,70,99,125],"bank":[4,14,27,41,100],"independence":[5,164],"is":[6,15,50,114],"one":[7,107],"degree.":[9],"A":[10],"completely":[11],"independent":[12],"impossible":[16],"as":[17,19],"long":[18],"a":[20,142],"country":[21],"has":[22,42],"provisions":[23],"for":[24,132],"altering":[25],"powers,":[28],"even":[29],"if":[30],"that":[31,97,116,151],"requires":[32],"constitutional":[33],"amendments.":[34],"On":[35],"the":[36,54,58,67,77,84,98,158,167,171,174],"other":[37,63],"hand,":[38],"any":[39],"at":[43],"least":[44],"some":[45],"discretion":[46],"in":[47],"monetary":[48,108],"policy":[49,109],"effectively":[51],"determined":[52],"by":[53],"currency":[55],"board.":[56],"In":[57,156],"United":[59],"States":[60],"and":[61,90],"many":[62,148],"countries,":[64],"people":[65],"degree":[68],"bankers":[71,126],"from":[72],"pressure":[73],"to":[74,105],"serve":[75],"either":[76,117],"political":[78],"motives":[79],"government":[81,118],"officials":[82,119],"or":[83,127],"financial":[85],"interests":[86],"private":[88],"individuals":[89],"organizations.":[91],"This":[92],"school":[93],"thought":[95],"argues":[96],"should":[101,153],"be":[102],"left":[103],"alone":[104],"pursue":[106],"goal:":[110],"price":[111],"stability.":[112],"It":[113],"feared":[115],"with":[120],"too":[121],"much":[122],"influence":[123],"over":[124],"laws":[128],"setting":[129],"inappropriate":[130],"priorities":[131],"them":[133],"undermine":[134],"this":[135],"independence.":[136],"federal":[138],"Reserve":[139,163],"already":[140],"enjoys":[141],"good":[143],"measure":[144],"independence,":[146],"but":[147],"observers":[149],"believe":[150],"it":[152],"have":[154],"more.":[155],"particular,":[157],"advocates":[159],"greater":[161],"Federal":[162],"support":[165],"reducing":[166],"statutory":[168],"encumbrances":[169],"on":[170],"Fed,":[172],"especially":[173],"Humphrey-Hawkins":[175],"Act.":[176],"But":[177],"problems":[178],"arise...":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}