{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2147408739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","title":"The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach","display_name":"The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2147408739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","mag":"2147408739","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22094013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166621295","display_name":"Journal of Health Economics","issn_l":"0167-6296","issn":["0167-6296","1879-1646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Health Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082288967","display_name":"John Cawley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-9883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-9883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Cawley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States. JHC38@cornell.edu","Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States. JHC38@cornell.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000925736","display_name":"Chad D. Meyerhoefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-3726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-3726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Meyerhoefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Lehigh University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Lehigh University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082288967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":89.2665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1525,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99975407,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"219","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12066","display_name":"Obesity and Health Practices","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0203000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-expenditure","display_name":"health care expenditure","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variables","display_name":"instrumental variables","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-expenditure-panel-survey","display_name":"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-intervention","display_name":"state intervention","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.8866826295852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.8159255981445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.6990233659744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.6099764108657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780777579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806347","display_name":"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","level":4,"score":0.5689409375190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019354653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690885","display_name":"Medical costs","level":3,"score":0.5636101961135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5038904547691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.48513635993003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145096142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333450","display_name":"Economic cost","level":2,"score":0.45305174589157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018838755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Medical care","level":2,"score":0.4390508234500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4028325080871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3994004726409912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.38074231147766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.37757834792137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3576970100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33914268016815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.15556681156158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09436902403831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983635472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334911","display_name":"Health insurance","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017048","descriptor_name":"Health Care Costs","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017059","descriptor_name":"Models, Econometric","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166621295","display_name":"Journal of Health Economics","issn_l":"0167-6296","issn":["0167-6296","1879-1646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Health Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22094013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22094013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of health economics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:16467","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w16467.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w16467.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jhecon:v:31:y:2012:i:1:p:219-230","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611001366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44874218","https://openalex.org/W1248260131","https://openalex.org/W1508749062","https://openalex.org/W1524664854","https://openalex.org/W1531959950","https://openalex.org/W1536890619","https://openalex.org/W1546792714","https://openalex.org/W1548139083","https://openalex.org/W1551773293","https://openalex.org/W1579491755","https://openalex.org/W1580365720","https://openalex.org/W1684647427","https://openalex.org/W1966995123","https://openalex.org/W1975363941","https://openalex.org/W1977975355","https://openalex.org/W1978164238","https://openalex.org/W1980329518","https://openalex.org/W1981498986","https://openalex.org/W1987621049","https://openalex.org/W1991694904","https://openalex.org/W1995405099","https://openalex.org/W1995603085","https://openalex.org/W1996554834","https://openalex.org/W2005446063","https://openalex.org/W2014885727","https://openalex.org/W2015187260","https://openalex.org/W2015229460","https://openalex.org/W2017157484","https://openalex.org/W2019455306","https://openalex.org/W2021561562","https://openalex.org/W2023465048","https://openalex.org/W2025828045","https://openalex.org/W2028366152","https://openalex.org/W2028995298","https://openalex.org/W2032346353","https://openalex.org/W2037164372","https://openalex.org/W2046859247","https://openalex.org/W2054713980","https://openalex.org/W2056998555","https://openalex.org/W2063128289","https://openalex.org/W2078511984","https://openalex.org/W2080916412","https://openalex.org/W2083485815","https://openalex.org/W2088590981","https://openalex.org/W2091336307","https://openalex.org/W2099786709","https://openalex.org/W2100370005","https://openalex.org/W2107863336","https://openalex.org/W2110630371","https://openalex.org/W2113318243","https://openalex.org/W2118100562","https://openalex.org/W2119994779","https://openalex.org/W2130107937","https://openalex.org/W2134989061","https://openalex.org/W2138748508","https://openalex.org/W2138932993","https://openalex.org/W2146741062","https://openalex.org/W2156843532","https://openalex.org/W2159478888","https://openalex.org/W2163497796","https://openalex.org/W2335145280","https://openalex.org/W2797508167","https://openalex.org/W2889946768","https://openalex.org/W3025331513","https://openalex.org/W3123990173","https://openalex.org/W3124338191","https://openalex.org/W4251993810","https://openalex.org/W6635024784","https://openalex.org/W6806161583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232142094","https://openalex.org/W3008642156","https://openalex.org/W2592016268","https://openalex.org/W2944122075","https://openalex.org/W2741659376","https://openalex.org/W7133083083","https://openalex.org/W3183923186","https://openalex.org/W2580606523","https://openalex.org/W2883319204","https://openalex.org/W3125193263"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":172},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":167},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":147},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":156},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":93},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":33}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}