{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2147404591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","title":"A frican Development: Beyond Income Convergence","display_name":"A frican Development: Beyond Income Convergence","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2147404591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","mag":"2147404591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/saje.12021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90392387","display_name":"South African Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0038-2280","issn":["0038-2280","1684-0097","1813-6982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493188","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028054694","display_name":"Simplice Anutechia Asongu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-5135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-5135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142108","display_name":"African Governance and Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04rpy5t19","country_code":"CM","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142108"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simplice Asongu","raw_affiliation_strings":["African Governance and Development Institute  P.O. Box 18 Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"African Governance and Development Institute  P.O. Box 18 Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142108"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028054694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142108"],"apc_list":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98065732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"3","first_page":"334","last_page":"353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.07989999651908875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-convergence","display_name":"income convergence","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-development","display_name":"African development","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-development-index","display_name":"Human Development Index","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-growth-theory","display_name":"endogenous growth theory","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoclassical-growth-theory","display_name":"neoclassical growth theory","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-origins","display_name":"legal origins","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-law-vs-common-law","display_name":"civil law vs common law","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-muslim-relations","display_name":"Christian-Muslim relations","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-disparities","display_name":"regional disparities","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-policy","display_name":"development policy","score":0.5979999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7972816228866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.659722089767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6518426537513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5806822776794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.49470874667167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.49359381198883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.45235684514045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4278267025947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3668045997619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3271695375442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2845383286476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1484127938747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":10,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/saje.12021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90392387","display_name":"South African Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0038-2280","issn":["0038-2280","1684-0097","1813-6982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2493188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai::36054","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36054/1/MPRA_paper_36054.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36054/1/MPRA_paper_36054.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:agd:wpaper:12/002","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/African-Development.-Beyond-Income-Convergence.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/African-Development.-Beyond-Income-Convergence.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pra:mprapa:36054","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36054/1/MPRA_paper_36054.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36054/1/MPRA_paper_36054.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.684.9134","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.684.9134","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/African-Development.-Beyond-Income-Convergence.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2744940674","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:36054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:sajeco:v:82:y:2014:i:3:p:334-353","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/saje.12021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/123542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/123542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:94807","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/african-development-beyond-income-convergence(5da1b81a-3bdc-4415-b856-d63b44a70d92).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2493188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7390999794006348,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.46149998903274536,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183704787","https://openalex.org/W1175028782","https://openalex.org/W1482905401","https://openalex.org/W1490524775","https://openalex.org/W1506087629","https://openalex.org/W1520360934","https://openalex.org/W1537364987","https://openalex.org/W1547604008","https://openalex.org/W1554894216","https://openalex.org/W1582569671","https://openalex.org/W1855045113","https://openalex.org/W1973190739","https://openalex.org/W1975603656","https://openalex.org/W1975943179","https://openalex.org/W1996185400","https://openalex.org/W1998398275","https://openalex.org/W2003070633","https://openalex.org/W2003469664","https://openalex.org/W2012640991","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2035554302","https://openalex.org/W2051054623","https://openalex.org/W2062042881","https://openalex.org/W2066823663","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2078924997","https://openalex.org/W2091658595","https://openalex.org/W2098589686","https://openalex.org/W2100457532","https://openalex.org/W2114750177","https://openalex.org/W2118452932","https://openalex.org/W2123993862","https://openalex.org/W2127407989","https://openalex.org/W2127808655","https://openalex.org/W2130983193","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2146267578","https://openalex.org/W2150406300","https://openalex.org/W2150604303","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2264309638","https://openalex.org/W2607330438","https://openalex.org/W2611557205","https://openalex.org/W2910573377","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3121972069","https://openalex.org/W3122550610","https://openalex.org/W3124173042","https://openalex.org/W3141998441","https://openalex.org/W4230004240","https://openalex.org/W4231721874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2529175290","https://openalex.org/W2188712881","https://openalex.org/W7020007747","https://openalex.org/W7096674256","https://openalex.org/W1529309816","https://openalex.org/W1964424465","https://openalex.org/W2607357972","https://openalex.org/W7111005137","https://openalex.org/W2154143301","https://openalex.org/W2320142832"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
