{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146978084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","title":"Reliability of Goniometric Measurements and Visual Estimates of Knee Range of Motion Obtained in a Clinical Setting","display_name":"Reliability of Goniometric Measurements and Visual Estimates of Knee Range of Motion Obtained in a Clinical Setting","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146978084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","mag":"2146978084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1989012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185354","display_name":"Physical Therapy","issn_l":"0031-9023","issn":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063981604","display_name":"Michael A Watkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129231","display_name":"Glens Falls Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/037pbyt27","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129231"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72019824","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/057xmsr27","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glen Falls Hospital, NY 12801","Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glen Falls Hospital, NY 12801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129231"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051423603","display_name":"Daniel L. Riddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-2739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-2739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72019824","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/057xmsr27","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan L Riddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["D Riddle, MS, PT, is Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 224, MCV Station, Richmond, VA 23298"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D Riddle, MS, PT, is Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 224, MCV Station, Richmond, VA 23298","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846","https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109275083","display_name":"Robert L. Lamb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72019824","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/057xmsr27","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert L Lamb","raw_affiliation_strings":["R Lamb, PhD, PT, is Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R Lamb, PhD, PT, is Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846","https://openalex.org/I72019824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014822275","display_name":"Walter J. Personius","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200033832","display_name":"Shenandoah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0p9h92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200033832"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139950","display_name":"Winchester Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04svanq44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter J Personius","raw_affiliation_strings":["W Personius, PhD, PT, is Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Therapy, Shenandoah College and Conservatory-Winchester Medical Center, Winchester, VA 22601"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W Personius, PhD, PT, is Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Therapy, Shenandoah College and Conservatory-Winchester Medical Center, Winchester, VA 22601","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200033832","https://openalex.org/I4210139950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063981604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129231","https://openalex.org/I72019824"],"apc_list":{"value":4035,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4035},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4452,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":347,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92904743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"90","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.018400000408291817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10442","display_name":"Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-range-of-motion","display_name":"knee range of motion","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-range-of-motion","display_name":"passive range of motion","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goniometric-measurement","display_name":"goniometric measurement","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-estimation","display_name":"visual estimation","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-reliability","display_name":"measurement reliability","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-tester-reliability","display_name":"intertester reliability","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-rater-reliability","display_name":"intra-rater reliability","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-forms-reliability","display_name":"parallel forms reliability","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-flexion","display_name":"knee flexion","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-extension","display_name":"knee extension","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48806519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126161","display_name":"Goniometer","level":2,"score":0.9791499376296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104709138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671540","display_name":"Intraclass correlation","level":3,"score":0.7088805437088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7019557356834412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60465272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494478","display_name":"Range of motion","level":2,"score":0.6625455021858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777364248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150737","display_name":"Prom","level":2,"score":0.6333409547805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.5571482181549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987592631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910873","display_name":"Knee flexion","level":2,"score":0.487428218126297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4145032465457916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38475501537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3799059987068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.2443528175354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18079420924186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17116832733154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007719","descriptor_name":"Knee Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210185354","display_name":"Physical Therapy","issn_l":"0031-9023","issn":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1989012","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1989012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical therapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.41999998688697815}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323145","display_name":"Institute of Nuclear Energy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/052jx3443"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970543122","https://openalex.org/W1985453879","https://openalex.org/W2076403226","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2141810329","https://openalex.org/W2794534253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028241142","https://openalex.org/W2279162590","https://openalex.org/W1983861695","https://openalex.org/W2072750071","https://openalex.org/W4233844287","https://openalex.org/W2320365902","https://openalex.org/W2259808001","https://openalex.org/W2622818437","https://openalex.org/W2020274248","https://openalex.org/W2002151537"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48,74,112,132],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,16,23,33,39,54,57,82,161],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,46,60,104,141],"to":[6,130,156,165],"examine":[7],"the":[8,34,55,58,167],"intratester":[9,80],"and":[10,19,42,92,108,123,145],"intertester":[11,49,133],"reliability":[12,29,50,81,97,116,134],"for":[13,30,51,79,90,94,98,106,110,114,117,135,143,147],"goniometric":[14],"measurements":[15,32,64,83,99,118,136,160],"knee":[17,35,59,164],"flexion":[18,91,107,144],"extension":[20],"passive":[21],"range":[22],"motion":[24],"(PROM).":[25],"In":[26],"addition,":[27],"parallel-forms":[28,115],"PROM":[31,56,159],"obtained":[36,66,84,100,119,137],"by":[37,43,124,138],"use":[38,153],"a":[40,71,86,102,121,154,162],"goniometer":[41,87,103,122,155],"visual":[44,52,125,139],"estimation":[45,126,140],"examined.":[47,62],"estimates":[53],"also":[61],"Repeated":[63],"were":[65,88],"on":[67],"43":[68],"patients":[69],"in":[70],"clinical":[72],"setting.":[73],"intraclass":[75],"correlation":[76],"coefficients":[77],"(ICCs)":[78],"with":[85,101,120,170],".99":[89],".98":[93],"extension.":[95,111,148],"Intertester":[96],".90":[105],".86":[109],"ICCs":[113],"ranged":[127],"from":[128],".82":[129,146],".94.":[131],".83":[142],"Results":[149],"suggest":[150],"clinicians":[151],"should":[152],"take":[157],"repeated":[158],"patient's":[163],"minimize":[166],"error":[168],"associated":[169],"these":[171],"measurements.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}