{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146455151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","title":"Structural Evolution of a Granular Pack under Manual Tapping","display_name":"Structural Evolution of a Granular Pack under Manual Tapping","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146455151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","mag":"2146455151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119212824","display_name":"Journal of the Physical Society of Japan","issn_l":"0031-9015","issn":["0031-9015","1347-4073"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313296","host_organization_name":"Physical Society of Japan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313296"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Physical Society of Japan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Physical Society of Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.00483","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001469095","display_name":"Naoki Iikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9713-722X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9713-722X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Iikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089906776","display_name":"Mahesh M. Bandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-9005","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-9005"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142637625","display_name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg15b79","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142637625"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh M. Bandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collective Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collective Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142637625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077170453","display_name":"Hiroaki Katsuragi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-9389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-9389"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroaki Katsuragi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82874823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"84","issue":"9","first_page":"094401","last_page":"094401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10474","display_name":"Material Dynamics and Properties","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/force-chains","display_name":"force chains","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packing-fraction","display_name":"packing density","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-evolution","display_name":"structural evolution","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-dimensional-granular-materials","display_name":"two-dimensional granular materials","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-distribution","display_name":"exponential distribution","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granular-compaction","display_name":"granular compaction","score":0.5040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32568104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155083","display_name":"Granular material","level":2,"score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777644245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203598","display_name":"Tapping","level":2,"score":0.6381000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5810999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110161667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495460","display_name":"Atomic packing factor","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10803110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341441","display_name":"Force field (fiction)","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186603090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55505926","display_name":"Distribution function","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55350006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237193","display_name":"Exponential distribution","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199723944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041998","display_name":"Force dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916417","display_name":"Contact force","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.84.094401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119212824","display_name":"Journal of the Physical Society of Japan","issn_l":"0031-9015","issn":["0031-9015","1347-4073"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313296","host_organization_name":"Physical Society of Japan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313296"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Physical Society of Japan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Physical Society of Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1507.00483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.00483","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.00483","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1507.00483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1507.00483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1507.00483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1507.00483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.00483","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.00483","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6427080432","display_name":"Stress chain structure in the loaded granular bed and the fundamental physics of terramehanics","funder_award_id":"26610113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322443","display_name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg15b79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2146455151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2146455151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964567241","https://openalex.org/W1969010861","https://openalex.org/W1979185874","https://openalex.org/W1980144709","https://openalex.org/W1988450753","https://openalex.org/W2004508214","https://openalex.org/W2007308757","https://openalex.org/W2012629131","https://openalex.org/W2020107468","https://openalex.org/W2042056890","https://openalex.org/W2049684290","https://openalex.org/W2051805880","https://openalex.org/W2055166044","https://openalex.org/W2057901242","https://openalex.org/W2070320797","https://openalex.org/W2070953549","https://openalex.org/W2087019643","https://openalex.org/W2108388243","https://openalex.org/W2117147872","https://openalex.org/W2128538725","https://openalex.org/W2138971677","https://openalex.org/W2146693091","https://openalex.org/W2317035092","https://openalex.org/W2335869210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327687671","https://openalex.org/W2755879014","https://openalex.org/W2002375679","https://openalex.org/W2163228931","https://openalex.org/W6903707047","https://openalex.org/W2090293331","https://openalex.org/W2146693091","https://openalex.org/W7119485750","https://openalex.org/W2042056890","https://openalex.org/W4299471873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"experimentally":[1],"study":[2],"a":[3,50,138],"two-dimensional":[4],"(2D)":[5],"granular":[6,147],"pack":[7,148],"of":[8,52,83,130,145],"photoelastic":[9],"disks":[10],"subject":[11],"to":[12,28,67,136],"vertical":[13],"manual":[14],"tapping.":[15],"Using":[16],"bright":[17],"and":[18,43,94,132,150],"dark":[19],"field":[20],"images,":[21],"we":[22],"employ":[23],"gradient-based":[24],"image":[25],"analysis":[26],"methods":[27],"analyse":[29],"various":[30],"structural":[31],"quantities.":[32],"These":[33],"include":[34],"the":[35,53,80,107,117,142,146],"packing":[36,60],"fraction":[37,61],"($\u03d5$),":[38],"force":[39,44,84,95,114,118,144],"per":[40,85,115],"disk":[41,86],"($F_d$)":[42],"chain":[45,96,119],"segment":[46,97,120],"length":[47,98,121],"($l$)":[48],"as":[49],"function":[51],"tapping":[54,63],"number":[55,64],"($\u03c4$).":[56],"The":[57,127],"increase":[58],"in":[59],"with":[62,111],"is":[65,76],"found":[66],"exponentially":[68],"approach":[69],"an":[70],"asymptotic":[71],"value.":[72],"An":[73],"exponential":[74],"distribution":[75],"observed":[77],"for":[78,113],"both":[79],"cumulative":[81],"numbers":[82],"$F_d$":[87,131],":":[88,100],"$N_{cum}(F_d)":[89],"=":[90,102],"A_F":[91],"\\exp":[92,104],"(-\\frac{F_d}{F_0})$,":[93],"$l$":[99],"$N_{cum}(l)":[101],"A_l":[103],"(-\\frac{l}{l_0})$.":[105],"Whereas":[106],"coefficient":[108],"${A_F}$":[109],"varies":[110],"$\u03c4$":[112,128],"disk,":[116],"shows":[122],"no":[123],"dependence":[124,129],"on":[125],"$\u03c4$.":[126],"$\u03d5$":[133],"allows":[134],"us":[135],"posit":[137],"linear":[139],"relation":[140],"between":[141],"total":[143],"($F_{tot}^*(\u03c4)$)":[149],"$\u03d5(\u03c4)$.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
