{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146389249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","title":"A Formula-based Classification of Learning Disabled Children","display_name":"A Formula-based Classification of Learning Disabled Children","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146389249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","mag":"2146389249","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/670805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221947801100308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110881318","display_name":"Louis C. Danielson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis C. Danielson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louis C. Danielson is currently a statistician in the Division of Innovation and Development at the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped. After receiving his degree in educational psychology from Pennsylvania State University, he worked as a school psychologist and teacher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louis C. Danielson is currently a statistician in the Division of Innovation and Development at the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped. After receiving his degree in educational psychology from Pennsylvania State University, he worked as a school psychologist and teacher","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065136319","display_name":"Jane N. Bauer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane N. Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jane Bauer, a former educational program specialist in the Division of Innovation and Development, is currently completing her PhD in educational psychology at Stanford University. Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Danielson, Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, 400 SW Maryland Ave., Washington, D.C. 20202"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jane Bauer, a former educational program specialist in the Division of Innovation and Development, is currently completing her PhD in educational psychology at Stanford University. Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Danielson, Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, 400 SW Maryland Ave., Washington, D.C. 20202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89934354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"163","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iq-achievement-discrepancy","display_name":"IQ-achievement discrepancy","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-for-all-handicapped-children-act","display_name":"Education for All Handicapped Children Act","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-policy","display_name":"regulatory policy","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-eligibility","display_name":"special education eligibility","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.6761307716369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984419285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disabled","level":3,"score":0.6214473247528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5415980219841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5341678261756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.5290051102638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985871740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637368","display_name":"Task force","level":2,"score":0.44624796509742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.40632471442222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3635323643684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3446756601333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3359226584434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2530037462711334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2515574097633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.20259571075439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19483715295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.18629735708236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007361","descriptor_name":"Intelligence Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007878","descriptor_name":"Legislation as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221947801100308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947801100308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:670805","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/670805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of learning disabilities","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997480096","https://openalex.org/W2003224869","https://openalex.org/W4246821341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508150312","https://openalex.org/W47014501","https://openalex.org/W7095929021","https://openalex.org/W4250636698","https://openalex.org/W6902588884","https://openalex.org/W4244665630","https://openalex.org/W1967306819","https://openalex.org/W45237396","https://openalex.org/W2052569423","https://openalex.org/W160705808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,11,16,22,30,39,55,70,83,86,90,94],"passage":[2],"of":[3,13,15,24,29,49,58],"Education":[5,14],"for":[6,27],"All":[7],"Handicapped":[8,17],"Children":[9],"Act,":[10],"Bureau":[12],"(BEH)":[18],"was":[19,47],"charged":[20],"with":[21,82],"task":[23],"establishing":[25],"regulations":[26,42,57],"enactment":[28],"new":[31],"law.":[32],"The":[33],"Federal":[34],"Register":[35],"(December":[36],"29,1977)":[37],"reporting":[38],"final":[40,95],"LD":[41],"notes":[43],"that":[44],"an":[45],"analysis":[46],"made":[48],"all":[50],"comments":[51],"and":[52,73],"testimony":[53],"regarding":[54],"proposed":[56],"November":[59],"1976.":[60],"This":[61],"report,":[62],"prepared":[63],"by":[64],"two":[65],"BEH":[66,77],"scientists,":[67],"first":[68],"analyzes":[69],"numerous":[71],"comments,":[72,84],"second":[74],"describes":[75],"some":[76],"in-house":[78],"research":[79],"which,":[80],"along":[81],"prompted":[85],"bureau":[87],"to":[88],"drop":[89],"IQachievement":[91],"formula":[92],"in":[93],"regulations.":[96],"\u2014G.M.S.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}