{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146334530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","title":"Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation","display_name":"Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146334530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","mag":"2146334530","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291700007510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076137486","display_name":"Julian Hafner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115181","display_name":"Maudsley Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02788t795","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200323923","https://openalex.org/I4210115181"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Hafner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109190447","display_name":"Isaac M Marks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115181","display_name":"Maudsley Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02788t795","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200323923","https://openalex.org/I4210115181"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115181"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.4816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":254,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98950195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"71","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13272","display_name":"Psychological Treatments and Assessments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agoraphobia","display_name":"agoraphobia","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vivo-exposure-therapy","display_name":"in vivo exposure therapy","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diazepam","display_name":"diazepam","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-exposure","display_name":"personal exposure","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-arousal","display_name":"anxiety arousal","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panic-attacks","display_name":"panic attacks","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcomes","display_name":"treatment outcomes","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phobia-treatment","display_name":"phobia treatment","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210402","display_name":"Diazepam","level":2,"score":0.8649000525474548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777127095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175854","display_name":"Phobias","level":3,"score":0.8117481470108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.7472029328346252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.6333168148994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777527207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015728","display_name":"Specific phobia","level":4,"score":0.5503876805305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446198","display_name":"Exposure therapy","level":3,"score":0.4873383939266205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.46551916003227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4601180851459503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.45325642824172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4278843402862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776317618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006","display_name":"Anxiety disorder","level":3,"score":0.33581164479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.26481151580810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000379","descriptor_name":"Agoraphobia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000379","descriptor_name":"Agoraphobia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001521","descriptor_name":"Behavior Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003887","descriptor_name":"Desensitization, Psychologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003975","descriptor_name":"Diazepam","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003975","descriptor_name":"Diazepam","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005712","descriptor_name":"Galvanic Skin Response","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010698","descriptor_name":"Phobic Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010919","descriptor_name":"Placebos","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011615","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy, Group","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011674","descriptor_name":"Pulse","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012647","descriptor_name":"Self-Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291700007510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:6985","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological medicine","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115795869","https://openalex.org/W331891053","https://openalex.org/W1520822820","https://openalex.org/W1976820150","https://openalex.org/W2000789344","https://openalex.org/W2006250871","https://openalex.org/W2016504428","https://openalex.org/W2036517105","https://openalex.org/W2042741728","https://openalex.org/W2075169216","https://openalex.org/W2112001599","https://openalex.org/W2125290834","https://openalex.org/W2128772256","https://openalex.org/W2131777500","https://openalex.org/W2140089893","https://openalex.org/W2143630918","https://openalex.org/W2144242055","https://openalex.org/W2153852321","https://openalex.org/W2318317585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036444661","https://openalex.org/W2103990085","https://openalex.org/W2275456404","https://openalex.org/W2417005032","https://openalex.org/W1999748144","https://openalex.org/W2083115050","https://openalex.org/W2157869751","https://openalex.org/W4403574658","https://openalex.org/W4400194607","https://openalex.org/W2044565942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fifty-seven":[0],"chronic":[1],"agoraphobic":[2],"outpatients":[3],"were":[4],"treated":[5],"by":[6,143,153],"12":[7],"hours":[8],"of":[9,23,51],"exposure":[10,86,121,124,133,140,157,177,186],"in":[11,70,76,79,94,187],"vivo":[12,188],"on":[13,87,135],"four":[14],"days":[15],"over":[16],"two":[17],"weeks":[18],"to":[19,55,64,84,151,183],"check":[20],"the":[21,154],"effects":[22],"oral":[24],"diazepam":[25],"versus":[26,32,37],"placebo":[27,117],"during":[28,41,119,146,175,200],"group":[29,31,85,120,139,176],"exposure,":[30,34],"individual":[33,42,132,196],"and":[35,66,78,89],"high":[36,159],"medium":[38],"anxiety":[39,160],"arousal":[40,161],"exposure.":[43,197],"The":[44],"controlled":[45],"parallel":[46],"design":[47],"allowed":[48],"comparative":[49],"evaluation":[50],"each":[52],"treatment":[53,72,147,201],"condition":[54],"six":[56],"months":[57],"follow-up.":[58],"Assessment":[59],"was":[60,92,141,149,162,202],"blind":[61],"with":[62,104,167,195],"respect":[63],"drug":[65,97],"psychological":[67],"treatment.":[68,122,184],"Patients":[69],"all":[71,95],"conditions":[73,98],"improved":[74,126],"significantly":[75,113,129],"phobias":[77,88],"related":[80],"life":[81],"areas.":[82],"Outcome":[83],"other":[90],"measures":[91],"similar":[93],"three":[96],"(placebo,":[99],"waning":[100],"diazepam,":[101],"peak":[102],"diazepam)":[103],"no":[105,163],"significant":[106],"differences":[107],"between":[108],"them.":[109],"Diazepam":[110,170],"patients":[111,118,125,134],"had":[112],"less":[114],"discomfort":[115],"than":[116,131,166],"Group":[123,185],"slightly":[127],"but":[128,178],"more":[130,144,164],"non-phobic":[136],"measures,":[137],"though":[138],"accompanied":[142],"panics":[145],"yet":[148],"easier":[150],"run":[152],"therapist.":[155],"Individual":[156],"under":[158],"therapeutic":[165],"lower":[168],"anxiety.":[169],"is":[171,189],"a":[172],"mild":[173],"palliative":[174],"does":[179],"not":[180,203],"facilitate":[181],"outcome":[182,193],"mildly":[190],"facilitatory":[191],"for":[192],"compared":[194],"Anxiety":[198],"evocation":[199],"therapeutically":[204],"helpful.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}