{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146292423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","title":"The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation","display_name":"The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146292423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","mag":"2146292423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcse.2011.37","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107923245","display_name":"Computing in Science & Engineering","issn_l":"1521-9615","issn":["1521-9615","1558-366X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320061","host_organization_name":"AIP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320061","https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AIP Publishing","American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computing in Science & Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.1523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070493940","display_name":"St\u00e9fan van der Walt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-1891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-1891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan van der Walt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stellenbosch University","Appl. Math., Stellenbosch Univ., Stellenbosch, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stellenbosch University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Appl. Math., Stellenbosch Univ., Stellenbosch, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033947014","display_name":"Steven C. Colbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121859","display_name":"Enthought (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfc1977","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121859"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Chris Colbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Enthought, Inc","Enthought, Inc.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enthought, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enthought, Inc.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074733625","display_name":"Ga\u00ebl Varoquaux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-5122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-5122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gael Varoquaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA","Comput. Sci. & Control, INRIA, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comput. Sci. & Control, INRIA, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.3143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10601,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99687691,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"22","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.7221999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.7221999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.2615000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10792","display_name":"Matrix Theory and Algorithms","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numpy-arrays","display_name":"NumPy arrays","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-computation","display_name":"numerical computation","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vectorization","display_name":"vectorization","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python-performance","display_name":"Python performance","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-data-structures","display_name":"array data structures","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.8236699104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.7660245895385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.7366979718208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124191522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.5865066647529602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.5813522934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.530159056186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146064661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186152","display_name":"Array data structure","level":2,"score":0.4140769839286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3319774270057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2894746959209442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcse.2011.37","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107923245","display_name":"Computing in Science & Engineering","issn_l":"1521-9615","issn":["1521-9615","1558-366X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320061","host_organization_name":"AIP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320061","https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AIP Publishing","American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computing in Science & Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.644.4500","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.644.4500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/56/40/07/PDF/numpy_final.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1102.1523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.1523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:inria-00564007v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/inria-00564007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922276","display_name":"INRIA a CCSD electronic archive server","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computing in Science and Engineering, 2011, 13 (2), pp.22-30. ⟨10.1109/MCSE.2011.37⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1102.1523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1102.1523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1102.1523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1102.1523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.1523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061939373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308771405","https://openalex.org/W1486009489","https://openalex.org/W4247827610","https://openalex.org/W1538811264","https://openalex.org/W2963202010","https://openalex.org/W2122815041","https://openalex.org/W2012835847","https://openalex.org/W4253009765","https://openalex.org/W1969012068","https://openalex.org/W841163430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7],"Python":[2],"world,":[3],"NumPy":[4,28],"arrays":[5],"are":[6],"standard":[8],"representation":[9],"for":[10],"numerical":[11,18],"data":[12,40],"and":[13,43],"enable":[14],"efficient":[15],"implementation":[16],"of":[17],"computations":[19],"in":[20,41],"a":[21],"high-level":[22],"language.":[23],"As":[24],"this":[25],"effort":[26],"shows,":[27],"performance":[29],"can":[30],"be":[31],"improved":[32],"through":[33],"three":[34],"techniques:":[35],"vectorizing":[36],"calculations,":[37],"avoiding":[38],"copying":[39],"memory,":[42],"minimizing":[44],"operation":[45],"counts.":[46]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":366},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":712},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":800},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":928},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1014},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1501},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1659},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1107},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1032},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":716},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":441},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":233},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}