{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146252001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","title":"Direct potable reuse: a future imperative","display_name":"Direct potable reuse: a future imperative","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146252001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","mag":"2146252001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/wrd.2011.000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2487679084","display_name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","issn_l":"2220-1319","issn":["2220-1319","2408-9370"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073935711","display_name":"Harold L. Leverenz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-6739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-6739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harold L. Leverenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010441009","display_name":"George Tchobanoglous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1657-3789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1657-3789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Tchobanoglous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085780525","display_name":"Takashi Asano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-5723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-5723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Asano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: hlleverenz@ucdavis.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073935711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":2150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6368,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":190,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97423764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-potable-reuse","display_name":"direct potable reuse","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-reuse","display_name":"water reuse","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-water-supply","display_name":"municipal water supply","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recycled-water","display_name":"reclaimed water","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-scarcity","display_name":"water scarcity","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-distribution-infrastructure","display_name":"water distribution infrastructure","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-purification-technology","display_name":"water purification technology","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-barriers","display_name":"implementation barriers","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.9105117321014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.7069230079650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5055673122406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018613153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7892","display_name":"Potable water","level":2,"score":0.496041864156723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.4822852909564972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777493420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267830","display_name":"Reclaimed water","level":3,"score":0.46752429008483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4224243760108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3868005573749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3515314757823944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.31919974088668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.29020118713378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29009270668029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0913546085357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08815544843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/wrd.2011.000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2487679084","display_name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","issn_l":"2220-1319","issn":["2220-1319","2408-9370"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320298","host_organization_name":"IWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320298"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7451000213623047}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963841973","https://openalex.org/W1980498172","https://openalex.org/W2037766564","https://openalex.org/W2134394204","https://openalex.org/W2334800619","https://openalex.org/W2798501474","https://openalex.org/W3022693598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548093763","https://openalex.org/W2764773998","https://openalex.org/W2097304502","https://openalex.org/W1967636436","https://openalex.org/W843283319","https://openalex.org/W425543768","https://openalex.org/W4384337956","https://openalex.org/W2587329661","https://openalex.org/W4401328190","https://openalex.org/W822724470"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,34],"a":[1,35,69,104,152,174],"result":[2],"of":[3,19,71,103,125,134,145,185],"population":[4],"growth,":[5],"urbanization,":[6],"and":[7,16,92,111,161,189,192],"climate":[8],"change,":[9],"public":[10],"water":[11,22,38,52,58,61,78,117,136,140],"supplies":[12,23,39],"are":[13,27,195],"becoming":[14],"stressed,":[15],"the":[17,86,101,123,138,159,163,179],"chances":[18],"tapping":[20],"new":[21],"for":[24,76,95,116,181],"metropolitan":[25],"areas":[26,82],"getting":[28],"more":[29],"difficult,":[30],"if":[31],"not":[32],"impossible.":[33],"consequence,":[36],"existing":[37,139],"must":[40],"go":[41],"further.":[42],"One":[43],"way":[44],"to":[45,88,122,128,149,168,171],"achieve":[46],"this":[47,146,173],"objective":[48],"is":[49,83,127,148],"by":[50],"increased":[51],"reuse,":[53],"particularly":[54],"in":[55,80,137,154],"supplementing":[56],"municipal":[57],"supplies.":[59],"Although":[60],"reuse":[62,79,118,132],"offers":[63],"many":[64],"opportunities":[65],"it":[66],"also":[67],"involves":[68],"number":[70],"problems.":[72],"A":[73],"significant":[74],"cost":[75,102],"nonpotable":[77],"urban":[81],"associated":[84],"with":[85],"need":[87,167],"provide":[89],"separate":[90],"piping":[91],"storage":[93],"systems":[94],"reclaimed":[96],"water.":[97],"In":[98],"most":[99],"situations,":[100],"dual":[105],"distribution":[106,126,141],"system":[107],"has":[108,113],"been":[109],"prohibitive":[110],"thus,":[112],"limited":[114],"implementation":[115,190],"programs.":[119],"The":[120,143],"solution":[121],"problem":[124],"implement":[129],"direct":[130],"potable":[131],"(DPR)":[133],"purified":[135],"system.":[142],"purpose":[144],"paper":[147],"consider":[150],"(a)":[151],"future":[153,193],"which":[155],"DPR":[156,186],"will":[157,166],"be":[158,169],"norm":[160],"(b)":[162],"steps":[164],"that":[165],"taken":[170],"make":[172],"reality.":[175],"Following":[176],"an":[177],"overview,":[178],"rationale":[180],"DPR,":[182],"some":[183],"examples":[184],"projects,":[187],"technological":[188],"issues,":[191],"expectations":[194],"examined.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
