{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146168423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","title":"Product Differentiation and Non-Price Competition.","display_name":"Product Differentiation and Non-Price Competition.","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146168423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","mag":"2146168423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2553925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108845946","display_name":"Economica","issn_l":"0013-0427","issn":["0013-0427","1468-0335"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053006943","display_name":"Martin Slater","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Slater","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113549611","display_name":"Norman J. Ireland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman J. Ireland","raw_affiliation_strings":["QUEEN MARY COLLEGE, LONDON"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QUEEN MARY COLLEGE, LONDON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.4124,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98866262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"220","first_page":"557","last_page":"557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.06769999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-differentiation","display_name":"product differentiation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-price-competition","display_name":"non-price competition","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligopoly","display_name":"oligopoly","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-entry","display_name":"market entry","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-design","display_name":"product design","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-competition","display_name":"quality competition","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising-strategy","display_name":"advertising strategy","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pricing-strategy","display_name":"pricing strategy","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creaming","display_name":"creaming","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200129","display_name":"Product differentiation","level":3,"score":0.7333735227584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6546759009361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5523666143417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.495745986700058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3289819359779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09094569087028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.06121411919593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2553925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2553925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108845946","display_name":"Economica","issn_l":"0013-0427","issn":["0013-0427","1468-0335"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585118566","https://openalex.org/W1989260108","https://openalex.org/W2066557547","https://openalex.org/W2090149692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233175955","https://openalex.org/W1708513","https://openalex.org/W2257754460","https://openalex.org/W4415814238","https://openalex.org/W1481896891","https://openalex.org/W3000508373","https://openalex.org/W3124382933","https://openalex.org/W4210496380","https://openalex.org/W2918924190","https://openalex.org/W2101069140"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,95],"volume":[1],"examines":[2,69],"the":[3,7,13,20,22,34,45,48,55,64,70,85,104],"three":[4],"stages":[5],"of":[6,10,15,24,38,47,87,100],"supply":[8],"side":[9],"a":[11],"market:":[12],"decision":[14],"firms":[16,75],"to":[17,76,91],"participate":[18],"in":[19,28,57,103],"market;":[21],"selection":[23,50],"specific":[25],"product":[26,49],"characteristics":[27],"design,":[29],"function":[30],"and":[31,33,36,40],"quality;":[32],"formulation":[35],"execution":[37],"pricing":[39],"advertising":[41],"strategies.":[42],"Focusing":[43],"on":[44],"influence":[46],"stage,":[51],"Ireland":[52],"looks":[53],"at":[54],"ways":[56],"which":[58],"consumers'":[59],"demands":[60],"for":[61],"variety":[62],"affect":[63],"oligopoly":[65],"marketing":[66],"games.":[67],"He":[68],"various":[71],"strategies":[72],"adopted":[73],"by":[74],"deter":[77],"potential":[78],"competitors:":[79],"advertising,":[80],"quality":[81],"competition,":[82],"or":[83],"creaming":[84],"market":[86],"those":[88],"customers":[89],"willing":[90],"pay":[92],"top":[93],"dollar.":[94],"is":[96],"an":[97],"up-to-date":[98],"treatment":[99],"key":[101],"topics":[102],"new":[105],"industrial":[106],"economics.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
