{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145750427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","title":"Dye-Sensitized TiO 2 Solar Cells: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Electrodes Formed from the Hydrolysis of TiCl 4","display_name":"Dye-Sensitized TiO 2 Solar Cells: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Electrodes Formed from the Hydrolysis of TiCl 4","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145750427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","mag":"2145750427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp984529i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013544504","display_name":"Nam\u2010Gyu Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-6300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-6300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N.-G. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052107336","display_name":"G. Schlichth\u00f6rl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Schlichth\u00f6rl","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013763651","display_name":"Jao van de Lagemaat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-6163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-6163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. van de Lagemaat","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004093814","display_name":"Hyeonsik Cheong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-4044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-4044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. M. Cheong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083368715","display_name":"Angelo J. Mascarenhas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-3262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-3262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mascarenhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046315088","display_name":"A. J. Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6375-3729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6375-3729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. J. Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":360,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99102365,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"103","issue":"17","first_page":"3308","last_page":"3314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10024","display_name":"TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10024","display_name":"TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11129","display_name":"Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10078","display_name":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dye-sensitized-solar-cells","display_name":"dye-sensitized solar cells","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ticl4-hydrolysis","display_name":"TiCl4 hydrolysis","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annealing-temperature","display_name":"annealing temperature","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-circuit-photocurrent","display_name":"short-circuit photocurrent","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-circuit-photovoltage","display_name":"open-circuit photovoltage","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-quantum-efficiency","display_name":"external quantum efficiency","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-collection-efficiency","display_name":"charge collection efficiency","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-diffusion-coefficient","display_name":"electron diffusion coefficient","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water-evaporation","display_name":"surface water evaporation","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-scattering","display_name":"light scattering","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779845233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381567","display_name":"Photocurrent","level":2,"score":0.8555585145950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320603","display_name":"Rutile","level":2,"score":0.7523277401924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140676511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6964018","display_name":"Nanocrystalline material","level":2,"score":0.7511215209960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7195749282836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6551353931427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339544","display_name":"Annealing (glass)","level":2,"score":0.6302834153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.536855936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206991015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704","display_name":"Energy conversion efficiency","level":2,"score":0.45197367668151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4446394145488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146088050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744818","display_name":"Transmission electron microscopy","level":2,"score":0.4365643262863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20744434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901332","display_name":"Photoelectrochemical cell","level":4,"score":0.4182817339897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.3191100060939789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2684776186943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1868222951889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.18484091758728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.17966783046722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1545359194278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.14303988218307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp984529i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984529i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19909664","https://openalex.org/W636720584","https://openalex.org/W1621980802","https://openalex.org/W1966261254","https://openalex.org/W1966836042","https://openalex.org/W1967782664","https://openalex.org/W1968454149","https://openalex.org/W1970196064","https://openalex.org/W1973613246","https://openalex.org/W1974908376","https://openalex.org/W1979384924","https://openalex.org/W1980216394","https://openalex.org/W1983174725","https://openalex.org/W1988844063","https://openalex.org/W1989158486","https://openalex.org/W1992801301","https://openalex.org/W1996128950","https://openalex.org/W2001992642","https://openalex.org/W2015769003","https://openalex.org/W2028780007","https://openalex.org/W2031944294","https://openalex.org/W2033452300","https://openalex.org/W2041209549","https://openalex.org/W2045923049","https://openalex.org/W2050358908","https://openalex.org/W2055977326","https://openalex.org/W2060151241","https://openalex.org/W2064658021","https://openalex.org/W2073526147","https://openalex.org/W2075651600","https://openalex.org/W2081249452","https://openalex.org/W2086671934","https://openalex.org/W2087836474","https://openalex.org/W2095581457","https://openalex.org/W2100870030","https://openalex.org/W2121304740","https://openalex.org/W2133913334","https://openalex.org/W2140682347","https://openalex.org/W2148327740","https://openalex.org/W2951896472","https://openalex.org/W2952513104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967796058","https://openalex.org/W1987147412","https://openalex.org/W2425301422","https://openalex.org/W2031629043","https://openalex.org/W4319316261","https://openalex.org/W4285093765","https://openalex.org/W4386037489","https://openalex.org/W2519941990","https://openalex.org/W1993210896","https://openalex.org/W2142126207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77,96,325],"structure":[1],"and":[2,22,48,58,102,132,142,165,180,201,217,266,286,298,301,329],"photoelectrochemical":[3],"properties":[4,205],"of":[5,19,55,74,87,107,149,169,176,198,206,213,223,227,259,279,290,320,332],"TiO":[6,66,83,310,322,351],"2":[7,12,67,84,109,131,141,311,323,352],"films":[8,68,85,122,171],"deposited":[9],"onto":[10],"SnO":[11],"conducting":[13],"glass":[14],"from":[15,27,128,195,232],"the":[16,56,70,81,150,156,159,162,166,170,174,196,202,207,211,224,228,235,244,260,277,287,333,340],"ambient":[17],"hydrolysis":[18],"TiCl":[20,63,314,346],"4":[21,64,315,347],"annealed":[23,238,247],"at":[24,135,145,263,282],"temperatures":[25],"ranging":[26],"100":[28,136],"to":[29,138,190,240],"500":[30,146,245],"\u00b0C":[31,137,237,246],"were":[32],"studied":[33],"by":[34],"Raman":[35,59,297],"spectroscopy,":[36],"X-ray":[37],"diffraction":[38],"(XRD),":[39],"transmission":[40],"electron":[41,272],"microscopy":[42],"(TEM),":[43],"intensity-modulated":[44,49],"photovoltage":[45,104],"spectroscopy":[46,51],"(IMVS),":[47],"photocurrent":[50,99],"(IMPS)":[52],"measurements.":[53],"Analysis":[54,258],"XRD":[57,299],"spectra":[60],"shows":[61],"that":[62,80,90,173,221,276,305],"-produced":[65],"have":[69,249],"rutile":[71,82,121,214,321,334],"structure,":[72],"regardless":[73],"annealing":[75,94,126,184,295],"temperature.":[76,95,296],"TEM":[78],"reveals":[79],"consist":[86],"rod-shaped":[88],"particles":[89],"grow":[91],"with":[92,125,183,210,294,313],"increasing":[93],"AM-1.5":[97],"short-circuit":[98],"J":[100,178,255],"sc":[101,179,256],"open-circuit":[103],"V":[105,181],"oc":[106,182],"Ru[LL\u2018(NCS)":[108],"]-sensitized":[110],"(L":[111],"=":[112,116],"2,2\u2018-bypyridyl-4,4\u2018-dicarboxylic":[113],"acid,":[114],"L\u2018":[115],"2,2\u2018-bipyridyl-4,4-ditetrabutylammoniumcarboxylate)":[117],"4.5":[118],"\u03bcm":[119],"thick":[120],"increase":[123,175],"significantly":[124],"temperature,":[127],"1.1":[129],"mA/cm":[130,140],"602":[133],"mV":[134,144],"8.7":[139],"670":[143],"\u00b0C.":[147],"Studies":[148],"incident":[151],"photon-to-current":[152],"conversion":[153],"efficiency":[154,226],"(IPCE),":[155],"photocurrent\u2212voltage":[157],"characteristics,":[158],"optical":[160],"appearance,":[161],"water":[163,200],"content,":[164],"particle":[167],"size":[168],"indicate":[172,220,304],"both":[177],"temperature":[185],"is":[186],"due,":[187],"in":[188,338],"part,":[189,339],"increased":[191,326],"dye":[192],"adsorption":[193],"resulting":[194],"evaporation":[197],"surface":[199],"improved":[203,341],"light-scattering":[204,330],"film":[208,327],"associated":[209],"growth":[212],"particles.":[215],"IMVS":[216],"IMPS":[218],"measurements":[219,300],"variations":[222],"charge-collection":[225],"cell,":[229],"which":[230],"increases":[231,293],"86%":[233],"for":[234,243,269,344],"300":[236],"samples":[239],"above":[241],"99%":[242],"samples,":[248],"only":[250],"a":[251,270,317],"minor":[252],"effect":[253],"on":[254],".":[257,324],"time":[261],"constants":[262],"open":[264],"circuit":[265,268,284],"short":[267,283],"given":[271],"injection":[273],"current":[274],"suggests":[275],"ratio":[278],"free-to-trapped":[280],"electrons":[281,292],"decreases":[285],"diffusion":[288],"coefficient":[289],"free":[291],"other":[302],"observations":[303],"treating":[306],"transparent":[307],"nanocrystalline":[308,349],"anatase":[309,350],"electrodes":[312],"produces":[316],"translucent":[318],"overlayer":[319,335],"thickness":[328],"characteristics":[331],"may":[336],"explain,":[337],"IPCE":[342],"observed":[343],"dye-sensitized":[345],"-treated":[348],"electrodes.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":31}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}