{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145289434","doi":null,"title":"AN ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN AID IN PAKISTAN","display_name":"AN ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN AID IN PAKISTAN","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145289434","mag":"2145289434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2145289434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.businessjournalz.org/articlepdf/efr1514.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057720622","display_name":"Muhammad Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-9996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-9996","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4077-5594"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-9996","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057720622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34123358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange-rate-changes","display_name":"exchange rate changes","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-aid","display_name":"foreign aid","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-exchange-rate","display_name":"real exchange rate","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-debt","display_name":"external debt","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-effectiveness","display_name":"aid effectiveness","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-growth-relationship","display_name":"aid-growth relationship","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-run-and-short-run-effects","display_name":"short-run and long-run effects","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.6945891976356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145162277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751675","display_name":"Cointegration","level":2,"score":0.6394267082214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6155756711959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.5829014778137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.5200307369232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204208750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519415","display_name":"Short run","level":2,"score":0.5101974010467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4397522807121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.4271965026855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983132609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66076","display_name":"Foreign exchange","level":2,"score":0.424277126789093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44171179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461319","display_name":"External debt","level":3,"score":0.41480880975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.4067411720752716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3686513900756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2133345901966095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2145289434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.businessjournalz.org/articlepdf/efr1514.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.75,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1801253659","https://openalex.org/W2034707435","https://openalex.org/W2038808865","https://openalex.org/W2078992947","https://openalex.org/W2110603299","https://openalex.org/W2134213643","https://openalex.org/W2178452869","https://openalex.org/W3123248704","https://openalex.org/W3123460777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201382788","https://openalex.org/W4400978544","https://openalex.org/W7148788250","https://openalex.org/W4389287808","https://openalex.org/W4243661955","https://openalex.org/W3128018969","https://openalex.org/W2548232342","https://openalex.org/W2042658833","https://openalex.org/W2560664919","https://openalex.org/W7215581656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,33,77,115,154,214,218,226,232,237,255,263,275,278,282,286,296,304,336,388,424],"long":[4,105,116],"run":[5,8],"and":[6,23,80,101,117,157,182,240,251,269,299,367,385,392,403],"short":[7,111,118,287],"effect":[9,177],"of":[10,17,130,135,178,190,196,202,204,228,292,311,331,341,356,426],"exchange":[11,98,125],"rate":[12,99,126],"changes":[13,100],"on":[14,133,169,414,423],"foreign":[15,54,68,102,120,131,147,197,205,223,233,247,270,293,332,357],"aid":[16,55,103,121,132,148,164,206,224,248,271,294,315,333,342,358,408,427],"Pakistan":[18,191,208],"by":[19,124],"applying":[20],"unit":[21],"root":[22],"cointegration":[24],"analysis.":[25],"The":[26,90,128,199,290,328,339],"data":[27],"set":[28],"includes":[29],"annual":[30],"observations":[31],"for":[32,149,213,254],"period":[34],"1973-2010.":[35],"Moreover,":[36],"this":[37],"study":[38],"examines":[39],"four":[40],"alternative":[41],"but":[42],"equally":[43],"plausible":[44],"hypotheses,":[45],"each":[46],"with":[47,320],"different":[48,136],"policy":[49],"implications.":[50],"These":[51,372],"are:":[52],"i)":[53],"cause":[56,67],"Real":[57,64],"Exchange":[58,65],"Rate":[59,66],"(the":[60],"conventional":[61],"view),":[62],"ii)":[63],"aid,":[69],"iii)":[70],"There":[71],"is":[72,122,249,316,334,365,419,431],"a":[73,141,309,317,353,411],"bi-directional":[74],"causality":[75,85],"between":[76,97,266,277],"two":[78],"variables":[79,83],"iv)":[81],"Both":[82,113],"are":[84,374,396,405],"independent":[86,195],"(although":[87],"highly":[88],"correlated).":[89],"empirical":[91],"evidence":[92],"finds":[93,174],"significant":[94],"positive":[95,264,412],"relationship":[96],"in":[104,110,114,222,225,236,257,295,303,325,387,397],"run,":[106,119],"as":[107,109],"well":[108],"run.":[112],"affected":[123],"changes.":[127],"impact":[129,413,425],"development":[134,215],"country":[137],"has":[138,165,192,230,307],"always":[139],"been":[140,308,345],"controversial":[142],"issue.":[143],"Rich":[144],"countries":[145,306,390],"used":[146],"productive":[150],"purposes":[151],"like":[152],"encourage":[153],"domestic":[155],"investment":[156],"industrial":[158],"development.":[159],"Empirical":[160],"studies":[161],"suggest":[162],"that":[163,187,246,352,400],"not":[166,210],"performed":[167],"significantly":[168],"economic":[170,188,267,337,415],"growth.":[171,338,416],"Khan":[172],"(1997)":[173],"inverse":[175],"causal":[176],"aid-growth,":[179],"while":[180],"Ishfaq":[181],"Ahmed":[183],"(2005)":[184],"find":[185],"out":[186],"growth":[189,256,268,297],"remained":[193],"totally":[194],"aid.":[198],"large":[200,354],"amount":[201,355],"inflows":[203],"to":[207,284,301,322,362,378],"could":[209],"be":[211],"associated":[212],"purposes.":[216],"During":[217],"1990s":[219],"an":[220],"increase":[221],"form":[227],"loans":[229],"created":[231],"debt":[234],"problem":[235],"country.":[238],"(Khan":[239],"Ahmed,":[241],"2007)":[242],"Many":[243],"economists":[244],"stress":[245],"sufficient":[250],"necessary":[252],"condition":[253],"developing":[258,305,326,363,389],"countries.":[259,327],"They":[260],"claim":[261],"about":[262],"correlation":[265],"because":[272],"it":[273],"fills":[274],"gap":[276],"resources":[279],"which":[280],"provide":[281],"finance":[283],"achieve":[285],"term":[288],"targets.":[289],"contribution":[291],"process":[298],"return":[300],"capital":[302],"topic":[310,319],"great":[312],"debate.":[313],"Foreign":[314],"main":[318],"regarding":[321],"poverty":[323],"reduction":[324],"important":[329],"role":[330],"enhancing":[335],"benefits":[340],"have":[343,410],"currently":[344],"under":[346],"severe":[347],"conditions.":[348],"Several":[349],"researchers":[350],"argue":[351],"flowing":[359],"from":[360],"developed":[361],"nations":[364],"de-utilize":[366],"increases":[368],"unproductive":[369],"public":[370],"consumption.":[371],"results":[373],"often":[375],"cited":[376],"due":[377],"poor":[379],"institutional":[380,429],"development,":[381],"inefficiencies,":[382],"bureaucratic":[383],"failures":[384],"corruption":[386],"(Alesina":[391],"Dollar,":[393],"2000).":[394],"Economists":[395],"broad":[398],"favor":[399],"where":[401,428],"policies":[402],"institutions":[404],"relatively":[406],"robust,":[407],"can":[409],"However,":[417],"there":[418],"much":[420],"less":[421],"agreement":[422],"failure":[430],"high.":[432],"(Heineken,":[433],"2008)":[434]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
