{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145245193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","title":"Groundwater nitrate monitoring network optimization with missing data","display_name":"Groundwater nitrate monitoring network optimization with missing data","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145245193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","mag":"2145245193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2003wr002469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003WR002469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003WR002469","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049069725","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Miguel Nunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-970X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-970X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71503853","display_name":"University of Algarve","ror":"https://ror.org/014g34x36","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71503853"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. M. Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71503853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000016441","display_name":"Eduardo Paralta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Paralta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrogeology Department, Geological and Mining Institute Portuguese Geological Survey, Estrada da Portela Alfragide Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrogeology Department, Geological and Mining Institute Portuguese Geological Survey, Estrada da Portela Alfragide Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009666468","display_name":"Maria da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Cunha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-785X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-785X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Cunha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086676401","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-3852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-3852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Lisbon Technical University  Lisbon Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Lisbon Technical University  Lisbon Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049069725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71503853"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93595786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.31520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.31520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":0.18320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.10490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-monitoring-network-design","display_name":"groundwater monitoring network design","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-pollution","display_name":"nitrate contamination","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-pollution","display_name":"agricultural pollution","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"missing data","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"simulated annealing","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"kriging","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/station-selection","display_name":"station selection","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-reduction","display_name":"network reduction","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance-monitoring","display_name":"compliance monitoring","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-cost-reduction","display_name":"operational cost reduction","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-portugal","display_name":"southern Portugal","score":0.5130000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.7345450520515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.633018434047699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.556756854057312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.5009541511535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4903426170349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4646650552749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4533410370349884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4231097400188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1958577036857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1942838728427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1669711172580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08626636862754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2003wr002469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003WR002469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2003wr002469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002469","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2003WR002469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2145245193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2145245193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62196204","https://openalex.org/W81980361","https://openalex.org/W118650051","https://openalex.org/W166947370","https://openalex.org/W621524865","https://openalex.org/W1485120282","https://openalex.org/W1536637415","https://openalex.org/W1553069021","https://openalex.org/W1966903467","https://openalex.org/W1968703561","https://openalex.org/W1969603766","https://openalex.org/W1970871380","https://openalex.org/W1970952643","https://openalex.org/W1971123239","https://openalex.org/W1983966343","https://openalex.org/W1990564186","https://openalex.org/W1994574262","https://openalex.org/W2005228957","https://openalex.org/W2013740555","https://openalex.org/W2015248263","https://openalex.org/W2015724533","https://openalex.org/W2019432230","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2026574367","https://openalex.org/W2028042973","https://openalex.org/W2029421725","https://openalex.org/W2031646560","https://openalex.org/W2032776595","https://openalex.org/W2033152133","https://openalex.org/W2046793113","https://openalex.org/W2050773676","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2063230513","https://openalex.org/W2066434298","https://openalex.org/W2068216323","https://openalex.org/W2069144035","https://openalex.org/W2069172951","https://openalex.org/W2071038433","https://openalex.org/W2076315829","https://openalex.org/W2076948832","https://openalex.org/W2089681428","https://openalex.org/W2091396986","https://openalex.org/W2107941094","https://openalex.org/W2112345210","https://openalex.org/W2125420983","https://openalex.org/W2133664870","https://openalex.org/W2145674968","https://openalex.org/W2156471863","https://openalex.org/W2158323410","https://openalex.org/W2158340476","https://openalex.org/W2169260525","https://openalex.org/W2171787603","https://openalex.org/W2217952474","https://openalex.org/W2613782353","https://openalex.org/W2914275007","https://openalex.org/W4230330640","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065228087","https://openalex.org/W2537654511","https://openalex.org/W2089769220","https://openalex.org/W2103018328","https://openalex.org/W226402724","https://openalex.org/W205106245","https://openalex.org/W2924629271","https://openalex.org/W3185404489","https://openalex.org/W2808375867","https://openalex.org/W2520351572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,34,99],"method":[1,17],"for":[2,70],"designing":[3],"groundwater":[4,101],"monitoring":[5,103],"networks":[6,25,89],"to":[7,22,41,92,112],"define":[8],"the":[9,43,46,64,96,106,114],"extent":[10],"of":[11,45,61,78,95,108,142],"agricultural":[12],"contamination":[13],"is":[14,18,39,68,110],"proposed.":[15],"The":[16,116],"particularly":[19],"well":[20],"suited":[21],"reducing":[23],"existing":[24],"where":[26],"data":[27],"are":[28,90,135],"missing":[29],"from":[30,63],"time":[31],"series":[32],"records.":[33],"simulated":[35],"annealing":[36],"optimization":[37],"algorithm":[38],"used":[40,111],"minimize":[42],"variance":[44],"estimation":[47],"error":[48],"obtained":[49],"by":[50,56],"kriging":[51],"in":[52,87,105,130],"combinatorial":[53],"problems,":[54],"created":[55],"selecting":[57],"an":[58,75],"optimal":[59],"subset":[60],"stations":[62,82],"original":[65,117],"set.":[66],"Optimization":[67],"performed":[69],"several":[71],"measuring":[72],"times,":[73],"obtaining":[74],"equal":[76],"number":[77],"optimized":[79],"small\u2010dimension":[80],"networks;":[81],"that":[83,127],"repeat":[84],"more":[85],"often":[86],"these":[88],"selected":[91],"make":[93],"part":[94],"final":[97],"network.":[98],"compliance":[100],"nitrate":[102],"network":[104,119,140],"south":[107],"Portugal":[109],"illustrate":[113],"method.":[115],"89\u2010station":[118],"was":[120],"converted":[121],"into":[122],"16":[123],"stations.":[124],"Results":[125],"show":[126],"considerable":[128],"reductions":[129],"operating":[131],"costs":[132],"(about":[133],"80%)":[134],"compatible":[136],"with":[137,145],"a":[138],"cost\u2010effective":[139],"capable":[141],"detecting":[143],"noncompliance":[144],"national":[146],"and":[147],"European":[148],"norms.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
