{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145146304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","title":"Culture, Self-Discrepancies, and Self-Satisfaction","display_name":"Culture, Self-Discrepancies, and Self-Satisfaction","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145146304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","mag":"2145146304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/01461672992511001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103003404","display_name":"Steven J. Heine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-4172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-4172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven J. Heine","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania,","U Pennsylvania, Dept of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Pennsylvania, Dept of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113538743","display_name":"Darrin R. Lehman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darrin R. Lehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":261,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98324324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"915","last_page":"925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12313","display_name":"Emotions and Moral Behavior","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-discrepancy-theory","display_name":"self-discrepancy theory","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-enhancement-bias","display_name":"self-enhancement bias","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-criticism","display_name":"self-criticism","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-differences","display_name":"cultural differences","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese","display_name":"Japanese","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-americans","display_name":"North Americans","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-canadians","display_name":"European Canadians","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-canadians","display_name":"Asian Canadians","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-satisfaction","display_name":"self-satisfaction","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.779467761516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.670272171497345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.5537475347518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993171300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831454","display_name":"Japanese culture","level":3,"score":0.4796460270881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4574642777442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199869022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621368","display_name":"Cross-cultural studies","level":2,"score":0.4362805187702179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17235551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236990","display_name":"Self","level":2,"score":0.41234761476516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09936371445655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548263834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875592","display_name":"Japanese studies","level":2,"score":0.08272194862365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/01461672992511001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.319.1115","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.319.1115","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~heine/docs/1999selfdisc.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.854.6181","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.854.6181","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://psp.sagepub.com/content/25/8/915.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31380297","https://openalex.org/W92659497","https://openalex.org/W612003795","https://openalex.org/W1557698999","https://openalex.org/W1629928760","https://openalex.org/W1660388999","https://openalex.org/W1725435973","https://openalex.org/W1793840206","https://openalex.org/W1931700968","https://openalex.org/W1949238464","https://openalex.org/W1978604203","https://openalex.org/W1978715225","https://openalex.org/W1985303516","https://openalex.org/W1989671695","https://openalex.org/W1996619223","https://openalex.org/W1998051614","https://openalex.org/W2011861804","https://openalex.org/W2012151440","https://openalex.org/W2014863228","https://openalex.org/W2015049515","https://openalex.org/W2016007289","https://openalex.org/W2026150720","https://openalex.org/W2031790560","https://openalex.org/W2046825178","https://openalex.org/W2046901820","https://openalex.org/W2050551731","https://openalex.org/W2058555059","https://openalex.org/W2065183614","https://openalex.org/W2066829511","https://openalex.org/W2067330009","https://openalex.org/W2067456275","https://openalex.org/W2068994370","https://openalex.org/W2072725318","https://openalex.org/W2072987943","https://openalex.org/W2073507524","https://openalex.org/W2076124583","https://openalex.org/W2078899203","https://openalex.org/W2088861238","https://openalex.org/W2090153480","https://openalex.org/W2091100244","https://openalex.org/W2091589200","https://openalex.org/W2091866521","https://openalex.org/W2096686152","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2097910789","https://openalex.org/W2099198900","https://openalex.org/W2099441831","https://openalex.org/W2110225782","https://openalex.org/W2122198450","https://openalex.org/W2123901740","https://openalex.org/W2129548273","https://openalex.org/W2133063288","https://openalex.org/W2134351577","https://openalex.org/W2139720295","https://openalex.org/W2140225297","https://openalex.org/W2145046219","https://openalex.org/W2145501874","https://openalex.org/W2149482370","https://openalex.org/W2149893809","https://openalex.org/W2152594618","https://openalex.org/W2158989126","https://openalex.org/W2159300334","https://openalex.org/W2162040794","https://openalex.org/W2162153512","https://openalex.org/W2170332928","https://openalex.org/W2171975196","https://openalex.org/W2250796615","https://openalex.org/W2324375596","https://openalex.org/W2333376004","https://openalex.org/W2494454219","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W2781999313","https://openalex.org/W2796030209","https://openalex.org/W2989196889","https://openalex.org/W2990567792","https://openalex.org/W4205351144","https://openalex.org/W4213025868","https://openalex.org/W4213235949","https://openalex.org/W4214704196","https://openalex.org/W4230975397","https://openalex.org/W4231557569","https://openalex.org/W4239429569","https://openalex.org/W4242446117","https://openalex.org/W4292542163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097100568","https://openalex.org/W7098853292","https://openalex.org/W7099412612","https://openalex.org/W2108773862","https://openalex.org/W2335149643","https://openalex.org/W2159346280","https://openalex.org/W2317197923","https://openalex.org/W2166570355","https://openalex.org/W2106955326","https://openalex.org/W7100254770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"contrast":[1],"to":[2,15,26,29,32,111],"the":[3,22,27,64,67,81,100],"reliable":[4],"effects":[5],"observed":[6],"with":[7,11,114],"North":[8,43,109],"Americans,":[9],"research":[10],"Japanese":[12,35,55,92,104],"has":[13],"failed":[14],"detect":[16],"self-enhancing":[17],"biases.":[18],"The":[19,97],"authors":[20],"considered":[21],"possibility":[23],"that,":[24],"owing":[25],"need":[28],"adapt":[30],"themselves":[31,40,115],"others\u2019":[33],"expectations,":[34],"are":[36,42,105,121],"more":[37,78,106],"critical":[38],"of":[39,47,66],"than":[41,56,93,108],"Americans.":[44],"A":[45],"comparison":[46],"actual-ideal":[48,87],"self-discrepancies":[49],"indeed":[50],"revealed":[51],"larger":[52,71],"discrepancies":[53,88],"for":[54,57,72,91,94,124],"either":[58],"European":[59,95],"or":[60],"Asian":[61],"Canadians.":[62,96],"Moreover,":[63],"magnitude":[65],"cultural":[68],"differences":[69],"were":[70],"characteristics":[73],"that":[74,102],"participants":[75],"viewed":[76],"as":[77],"important,":[79],"and":[80,86,116],"relation":[82],"between":[83],"depression":[84],"scores":[85],"was":[89],"weaker":[90],"data":[98],"support":[99],"notions":[101],"(a)":[103],"likely":[107],"Americans":[110],"be":[112],"dissatisfied":[113],"(b)":[117],"these":[118],"self-critical":[119],"attitudes":[120],"less":[122],"distressful":[123],"Japanese.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}