{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145002472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","title":"Empirical Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes in Research","display_name":"Empirical Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes in Research","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145002472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","mag":"2145002472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79535635","display_name":"Child Development Perspectives","issn_l":"1750-8592","issn":["1750-8592","1750-8606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Child Development Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046614338","display_name":"Carolyn J. Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-1304","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-1304"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn J Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown Public Policy Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown Public Policy Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114014756","display_name":"Howard S. Bloom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287627091","display_name":"Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/035kd4890","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howard S Bloom","raw_affiliation_strings":["MDRC","#N#                  MDRC#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MDRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#                  MDRC#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046707212","display_name":"Alison Rebeck Black","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287627091","display_name":"Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/035kd4890","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alison Rebeck Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["MDRC","#N#                  MDRC#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MDRC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#                  MDRC#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111661831","display_name":"Mark W. Lipsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1035-4553","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1035-4553"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark W Lipsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114014756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287627091"],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.9113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":981,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99385052,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"172","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.7656000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.7656000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10561","display_name":"Educational Research and Methods","score":0.08169999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.021900000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-size-interpretation","display_name":"effect size interpretation","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-mean-difference","display_name":"standardized mean difference","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-intervention","display_name":"educational intervention","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-gap","display_name":"achievement gap","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-evaluation","display_name":"intervention evaluation","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substantive-significance","display_name":"substantive significance","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7992974519729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7558761835098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6823868751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89246107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1398821","display_name":"Rule of thumb","level":2,"score":0.6500729322433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.6086978912353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5396419167518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.4837770164012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47217220067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.4537901282310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical examination","level":2,"score":0.42041414976119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4122985899448395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3836372494697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17244085669517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1528903841972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.1358715295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0856250524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79535635","display_name":"Child Development Perspectives","issn_l":"1750-8592","issn":["1750-8592","1750-8606"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Child Development Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11690330","https://openalex.org/W65409849","https://openalex.org/W1581486479","https://openalex.org/W1730782591","https://openalex.org/W1973420336","https://openalex.org/W1978049522","https://openalex.org/W1981864453","https://openalex.org/W2020311437","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2264860470","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2968077443","https://openalex.org/W1978049522","https://openalex.org/W4322736422","https://openalex.org/W3119528694","https://openalex.org/W4321442817","https://openalex.org/W1990925980","https://openalex.org/W2725231621","https://openalex.org/W4406362687","https://openalex.org/W7096304557","https://openalex.org/W2997329522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"There":[1],"is":[2,57],"no":[3],"universal":[4],"guideline":[5],"or":[6,15,51,101],"rule":[7],"of":[8,18,33,39,62,77,131],"thumb":[9],"for":[10,24,66,85,112,137],"judging":[11],"the":[12,37,40,48,60,129],"practical":[13],"importance":[14],"substantive":[16],"significance":[17],"a":[19],"standardized":[20],"effect":[21,63,106],"size":[22,64,107],"estimate":[23],"an":[25],"intervention.":[26],"Instead,":[27],"one":[28],"must":[29],"develop":[30,140],"empirical":[31,78],"benchmarks":[32,79,144],"comparison":[34],"that":[35],"reflect":[36],"nature":[38],"intervention":[41],"being":[42,53],"evaluated,":[43],"its":[44],"target":[45,116],"population,":[46],"and":[47,104,115,128,141],"outcome":[49],"measure":[50],"measures":[52,65],"used.":[54],"This":[55],"approach":[56],"applied":[58],"to":[59,70,123,139],"assessment":[61],"educational":[67,126],"interventions":[68,114],"designed":[69],"improve":[71],"student":[72,90,96],"academic":[73],"achievement.":[74],"Three":[75],"types":[76],"are":[80],"illustrated:":[81],"(a)":[82],"normative":[83],"expectations":[84],"growth":[86],"over":[87],"time":[88],"in":[89,95,145],"achievement,":[91],"(b)":[92],"policy-relevant":[93],"gaps":[94],"achievement":[97],"by":[98],"demographic":[99],"group":[100],"school":[102],"performance,":[103],"(c)":[105],"results":[108],"from":[109],"past":[110],"research":[111],"similar":[113],"populations.":[117],"The":[118],"findings":[119],"can":[120,134],"be":[121],"used":[122],"help":[124],"assess":[125],"interventions,":[127],"process":[130],"doing":[132],"so":[133],"provide":[135],"guidelines":[136],"how":[138],"use":[142],"such":[143],"other":[146],"fields.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":40}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}