{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2144449494","doi":null,"title":"The Immigration Detention Risk Assessment","display_name":"The Immigration Detention Risk Assessment","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2144449494","mag":"2144449494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2144449494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2635652_code2426963.pdf?abstractid=2635652&mirid=5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2635652_code2426963.pdf?abstractid=2635652&mirid=5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067956755","display_name":"Mark Noferi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Noferi","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Immigration Council"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Immigration Council","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014948955","display_name":"Robert E. Koulish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-3744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-3744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Koulish","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-3744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.025100000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-detention","display_name":"immigration detention","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"risk assessment","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-and-customs-enforcement","display_name":"Immigration and Customs Enforcement","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deportation-proceedings","display_name":"deportation proceedings","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-decision-making","display_name":"algorithmic decision-making","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-supervision","display_name":"electronic supervision","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-supervision","display_name":"mass supervision","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom-of-information-act","display_name":"Freedom of Information Act","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-policy","display_name":"evidence-based policy","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-enforcement","display_name":"immigration enforcement","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.6818250417709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780773165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106947316","display_name":"Immigration detention","level":3,"score":0.6424316167831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.6391775608062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60961049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379693","display_name":"Deportation","level":3,"score":0.5600776076316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5593869090080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5392192602157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204207695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231147","display_name":"Immigration law","level":3,"score":0.502105712890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45917630195617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.450689435005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4293903410434723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3767532408237457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.36863476037979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22017011046409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2079470157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12467476725578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.10333389043807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09236767888069153}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2144449494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2635652_code2426963.pdf?abstractid=2635652&mirid=5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3145976382","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mlaw.umd.edu/sites/mlaw.umd.edu/files/pubs/SSRN-id2635652.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2144449494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2635652_code2426963.pdf?abstractid=2635652&mirid=5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558038741","https://openalex.org/W4205571826","https://openalex.org/W4409101313","https://openalex.org/W7061531426","https://openalex.org/W3014918871","https://openalex.org/W4410632618","https://openalex.org/W7034097509","https://openalex.org/W3081301552","https://openalex.org/W3033175359","https://openalex.org/W2471280724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"early":[1],"2013,":[2],"U.S.":[3,53],"Immigration":[4],"and":[5,77,98,133,146,186],"Customs":[6],"Enforcement":[7],"(\u201cICE\u201d)":[8],"deployed":[9],"nationwide":[10],"a":[11,101,151,175,203,222],"new":[12],"automated":[13],"risk":[14,49,73,88,114,144,162,170,205,218],"assessment":[15,50,74,89,115,163,171,206,219],"tool":[16,153],"to":[17,21,64,95,178,227],"help":[18],"determine":[19],"whether":[20],"detain":[22],"or":[23],"release":[24],"noncitizens":[25],"pending":[26],"their":[27],"deportation":[28],"proceedings.":[29],"Adapted":[30],"from":[31,224],"similar":[32],"evidence-based":[33,197],"criminal":[34],"justice":[35],"reforms":[36],"that":[37,112,180,192],"have":[38],"reduced":[39],"pretrial":[40],"detention,":[41],"ICE\u2019s":[42,87,161],"initiative":[43,164],"now":[44],"represents":[45],"the":[46,72,82,134,143,168],"largest":[47],"pre-hearing":[48],"experiment":[51],"in":[52,116,155],"history":[54],"\u2014":[55,154],"potentially":[56],"impacting":[57],"over":[58],"400,000":[59],"individuals":[60],"per":[61],"year.":[62],"However,":[63],"date":[65],"little":[66],"information":[67],"has":[68],"been":[69],"released":[70],"regarding":[71],"algorithm,":[75],"processes,":[76],"outcomes.":[78],"This":[79,109],"article":[80,110,190],"provides":[81],"first":[83],"comprehensive":[84],"examination":[85],"of":[86,103,105,129,142,149,160,230,235,241],"initiative,":[90],"based":[91],"on":[92,165],"public":[93],"access":[94],"ICE":[96],"methodology":[97],"outcomes":[99],"as":[100,244],"result":[102],"Freedom":[104],"Information":[106],"Act":[107],"requests.":[108],"argues":[111,191],"immigration":[113,130,169,198],"its":[117],"current":[118,123],"form":[119],"will":[120,137],"not":[121],"reduce":[122],"over-detention":[124],"trends.":[125],"The":[126],"unique":[127],"aspects":[128],"enforcement,":[131],"laws,":[132],"impacted":[135],"population":[136],"likely":[138,211],"frustrate":[139],"accurate":[140],"calibration":[141],"tool,":[145],"effective":[147],"implementation":[148],"even":[150,193,232],"calibrated":[152],"turn":[156],"frustrating":[157],"constructive":[158],"impact":[159],"over-detention.":[166],"Consequently,":[167],"may":[172],"only":[173],"add":[174],"scientific":[176],"veneer":[177],"enforcement":[179],"remains":[181],"institutionally":[182],"predisposed":[183],"towards":[184],"detention":[185,199,226],"control.":[187],"Additionally,":[188],"this":[189],"if":[194],"more":[195],"accurate,":[196],"were":[200],"achieved":[201],"under":[202],"future":[204],"regime,":[207],"it":[208],"would":[209],"nonetheless":[210],"be":[212],"accompanied":[213],"by":[214,237],"several":[215],"disadvantages.":[216],"Particularly,":[217],"could":[220],"facilitate":[221],"transition":[223],"mass":[225,228],"supervision":[229],"an":[231],"wider":[233],"net":[234],"supervisees,":[236],"justifying":[238],"lesser":[239],"deprivations":[240],"liberty":[242],"such":[243],"electronic":[245],"supervision.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
