{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2142469229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","title":"Variations in Risk Attitude across Race, Gender, and Education","display_name":"Variations in Risk Attitude across Race, Gender, and Education","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2142469229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","mag":"2142469229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14672111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0272989x03258431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103359281","display_name":"Medical Decision Making","issn_l":"0272-989X","issn":["0272-989X","1552-681X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103454605","display_name":"Allison B. Rosen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allison B. Rosen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue-Rose 130, Boston, MA 02215; telephone: (617) 667-1342; fax: (617) 667-2854;","fax: (617) 667-2854","telephone: (617) 667-1342"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue-Rose 130, Boston, MA 02215; telephone: (617) 667-1342; fax: (617) 667-2854;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: (617) 667-2854","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"telephone: (617) 667-1342","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086188810","display_name":"Jerry S. Tsai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry S. Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049466027","display_name":"Stephen M. Downs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-108X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-108X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324682000","display_name":"Regenstrief Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05f2ywb48","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324682000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen M. Downs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Children's Health Services Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Indianapolis, IN, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children's Health Services Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Indianapolis, IN, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324682000","https://openalex.org/I4394709130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103454605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":160,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86095238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"511","last_page":"517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.43849998712539673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.0406000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-preferences","display_name":"risk preferences","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-aversion","display_name":"risk aversion","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-seeking-behavior","display_name":"risk seeking","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-utilization-disparities","display_name":"health care utilization disparities","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-utility","display_name":"health utility","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-trade-off","display_name":"time trade-off","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-gamble","display_name":"standard gamble","score":0.9950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6341373920440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5566493272781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129915516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083550","display_name":"Risk aversion (psychology)","level":3,"score":0.549250602722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5309889912605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4699694514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.4661499261856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4327702522277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.40148475766181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38971027731895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205706631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2319304","display_name":"Expected utility hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.19670245051383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17221495509147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12472310662269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08520978689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006296","descriptor_name":"Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006305","descriptor_name":"Health Status Indicators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007407","descriptor_name":"Interviews as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009657","descriptor_name":"North Carolina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010342","descriptor_name":"Patient Acceptance of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010342","descriptor_name":"Patient Acceptance of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012309","descriptor_name":"Risk-Taking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019057","descriptor_name":"Quality-Adjusted Life Years","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0272989x03258431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989x03258431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103359281","display_name":"Medical Decision Making","issn_l":"0272-989X","issn":["0272-989X","1552-681X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14672111","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14672111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.umassmed.edu:qhs_pp-1922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/qhs_pp/922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064370","display_name":"eScholarship@UMassChan","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Population and Quantitative Health Sciences Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:medema:v:23:y:2003:i:6:p:511-517","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0272989X03258431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5648437556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5T32HS00020-16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","funder_display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332177","display_name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","ror":"https://ror.org/03jmfdf59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537598136","https://openalex.org/W1977195220","https://openalex.org/W1984803994","https://openalex.org/W1988536793","https://openalex.org/W1991848721","https://openalex.org/W1996539734","https://openalex.org/W2006563255","https://openalex.org/W2007606103","https://openalex.org/W2012779851","https://openalex.org/W2023818375","https://openalex.org/W2029676614","https://openalex.org/W2040000825","https://openalex.org/W2044804318","https://openalex.org/W2083921444","https://openalex.org/W2093769272","https://openalex.org/W2122342650","https://openalex.org/W2130554465","https://openalex.org/W2149531263","https://openalex.org/W2157905830","https://openalex.org/W2318964137","https://openalex.org/W2331499127","https://openalex.org/W2333765518","https://openalex.org/W2341322068","https://openalex.org/W4235860063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412463710","https://openalex.org/W2049526265","https://openalex.org/W1489341906","https://openalex.org/W4234470714","https://openalex.org/W2002353226","https://openalex.org/W7097426775","https://openalex.org/W2418231525","https://openalex.org/W7135555292","https://openalex.org/W803821775","https://openalex.org/W2970718330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Significant":[1,133],"disparities":[2],"in":[3,29,139,171,202,210],"health":[4,43,203],"care":[5,204],"utilization":[6,205],"exist":[7],"across":[8,32,174,183],"gender":[9,200],"and":[10,47,52,89,107,128,148,176,193,199,206,212],"race.":[11],"Little":[12],"is":[13,187],"known":[14],"about":[15],"the":[16,67,84,94,98],"patient-specific":[17],"factors":[18],"that":[19],"may":[20],"contribute":[21],"to":[22,82,157,189,197],"this":[23],"variation.":[24],"This":[25,166],"study":[26,96,167],"examined":[27],"variations":[28,201],"risk":[30,64,87,118,122,126,131,137,160,172],"attitude":[31,58,88,173],"major":[33],"sociodemographic":[34,90],"groups.":[35],"METHODS:":[36],"A":[37,75],"survey":[38],"elicited":[39],"utility":[40,68],"measures":[41],"for":[42],"states":[44],"under":[45],"risk-insensitive":[46],"risk-sensitive":[48],"conditions":[49],"(time":[50],"tradeoff":[51],"standard":[53],"gamble":[54],"methods,":[55],"respectively).":[56],"Risk":[57],"was":[59,71,80,101],"modeled":[60],"assuming":[61],"constant":[62],"proportional":[63],"posture,":[65],"thus":[66],"function":[69],"used":[70,81],"a":[72,180],"power":[73],"function.":[74],"multivariable":[76],"linear":[77],"regression":[78],"model":[79],"examine":[83],"relationship":[85],"between":[86],"factors.":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"Of":[93],"62":[95],"subjects,":[97],"mean":[99],"age":[100],"47.6":[102],"years,":[103],"47%":[104],"were":[105,109,116,142],"female,":[106],"33%":[108],"African":[110],"American.":[111],"Overall,":[112],"37%":[113,120],"of":[114,135],"respondents":[115],"decidedly":[117,130],"averse,":[119,123],"moderately":[121,125],"15%":[124],"seeking,":[127],"11%":[129],"seeking.":[132],"predictors":[134],"increasing":[136],"aversion":[138],"multivariate":[140],"modeling":[141],"white":[143],"race":[144,175],"(P":[145,151,162],"<":[146,152],"0.01)":[147],"lower":[149],"education":[150],"0.05).":[153],"Women":[154],"also":[155],"tended":[156],"be":[158],"more":[159],"averse":[161],"=":[163],"0.07).":[164],"CONCLUSIONS:":[165],"found":[168],"significant":[169],"differences":[170],"educational":[177],"status,":[178],"with":[179],"smaller":[181],"difference":[182],"gender.":[184],"Further":[185],"research":[186],"needed":[188],"validate":[190],"these":[191],"findings":[192],"clarify":[194],"their":[195,207],"contribution":[196],"racial":[198],"future":[208],"role":[209],"decision":[211],"cost-effectiveness":[213],"analyses.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
